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Quiz 7 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What did the name vitamins come from?

A

vital amines

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2
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of vitamins?

A

organic
essential
small quantities
spontaneously oxidize (breakdown)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of vitamins?

A

fat soluble and water soluble

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4
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble? (4) What are their characteristics? (3)

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K
specific functions
can be stored
can be toxic

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5
Q

What vitamins are water soluble? (2) What are their characteristics? (3)

A

B vitamins, Vitamin C
coenzymes/cofactors (help in reactions)
not stored
non toxic

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6
Q

Where does Vitamin A come from?

A

carotenoids

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of Vitamin A?

A

aid in vision
aid in night vision
antioxidant properties

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8
Q

Where’s the source of Vitamin A?

A

green plants

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9
Q

Where can Vitamin A be stored? How long can cattle store Vitamin A?

A

liver; 3-4 months

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10
Q

What’s another name for Vitamin F?

A

linoleic acid

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of Vitamin D?

A

aid in bone health
mineralization
aid in milk production

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12
Q

What’s the relationship between UV rays and Vitamin D?

A

UV rays convert cholesterol in skin to Vitamin D

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13
Q

What mineral does Vitamin D have a relationship with?

A

calcium

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14
Q

What’s the function of Vitamin E?

A

antioxidant properties

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15
Q

What mineral does Vitamin E have a relationship with?

A

selenium

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16
Q

What 2 diseases are the result of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

white muscle disease (cattle)
stiff lamb disease

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17
Q

What’s the source of Vitamin E?

A

plants

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18
Q

What’s the function of Vitamin K?

A

aid in blood clotting

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19
Q

What are the 2 sources of Vitamin K?

A

green plants
microbes in digestive tract

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20
Q

What can a deficiency in Vitamin K cause?

A

spontaneous bleeding

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21
Q

What is Thiamin a cofactor in?

A

TCA cycle

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22
Q

True or False. Thiamin is the oldest B vitamin.

A

true

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23
Q

When was Thiamin first described?

A

2000 BC in China from Beriberi disease due to dehulled grain

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24
Q

What’s the source of Thiamin?

A

whole grains

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25
True or False. Pigs can store Thiamin.
true
26
What is Riboflarin a cofactor of?
FAD to FADH
27
What can a deficiency is riboflarin cause? (4)
reduced growth blurred vision dermititis paralysis
28
What are the sources of Riboflarin? (3)
green leafy foods cereal milk
29
What is Niacin a cofactor for?
NAD to NADH
30
What disease is Niacin associated with? What are the symptoms? (4)
Pellagra Symptoms: 4Ds diarrhea dermititis dementia death
31
What caused Pellagra?
diet high in corn; corn is low in niacin and tryptophan
32
What is Pyridoxine a cofactor for?
protein synthesis
33
What can a deficiency in Pyridoxine cause? (3)
poor growth dermititis nerve degeneration
34
What are the sources of pyridoxine?
many foods such as cereals and milk
35
What does Cobalamin contain? Hint: where it gets its name
cobalt
36
What can cobalamin prevent?
pernicious anemia
37
Since cobalamin is large in size, what does it need for absorption?
transporters
38
What can a deficiency in cobalamin cause? (3)
poor growth rough hair coats uncoordinated movements
39
What can spare the requirement for cobalamin?
methionine
40
Where can cobalamin be synthesize?
in GI tract
41
True or false. Cobalamin can be stored.
true
42
What is folic acid involved in? (2)
DNA/RNA synthesis and function of nervous tissue
43
What can a deficiency in folic acid cause? (2)
neural tube defects and abnormal fetus
44
Can folic acid be stored?
no
45
What's the source of folic acid?
lots of foods/feedstuffs
46
Can animals be deficient in folic acid?
no
47
What does biotin help with?
health of hair, skin, nails, feathers, wool
48
What can a deficiency in biotin cause? (3)
cracking hooves, nails dermititis alopecia (hair loss)
49
What are the sources of biotin? (3)
animal products whole grain synthesized by bacteria in GI tract
50
What inhibits biotin from being absorbed? Where can it be found?
Avidin; raw eggs
51
Is deficiency in biotin likely?
no
52
What is associated with Ascorbic Acid?
limmy
53
What can a deficiency in Ascorbic Acid cause? (5)
scurvy (spontaneous bleeding) weight loss edema diarrhea emaciation (very thin)
54
What are the sources of Ascorbic Acid? (2)
fresh fruits and vegetables
55
True or False. Ascorbic Acid has antioxidant properties.
true
56
What animals can't convert glucose to Vitamin C? (3) Why?
primates guinea pigs Indian fruit bat they lack the enzyme glucolactonase
57
Can all farm animals convert glucose to Vitamin C?
yes
58
What does calcium have a relationship with? (2)
vitamin D and phosphorus
59
What are the 4 functions of calcium and phosphorus?
bone formation teeth strength muscle contraction energy metabolism
60
Why does phosphorus become unavailable to an animal?
it's in phytate form
61
What must happen to make phosphorus available to a monogastric? Ruminant?
add enzyme phytase; ruminant bacteria produces phytase
62
What is the minimum and ideal calcium and phosphorus ratio?
minimum: 1:1 ideal: 2:1
63
True or False. Phosphorus inhibits calcium absorption.
true
64
What can a deficiency in calcium cause? (4)
1. rickets ( soft bones in small animals) 2. osteoporosis 3. osteomalacia 4. soft egg shells
65
What are the sources of calcium? (3)
1. dairy 2. forages 3. cereal grain
66
What diseases are associated with calcium? (2)
1. milk fever (cow after calving) 2. urinary calculi (castrated goats/sheep; abundance of calcium)
67
What are the 3 hormones for regulating calcium and phosphorus?
1. parathyroid (PTH) 2. 1,25 dihydroxy choleocalciferol (Vit D3) 3. calcitonin
68
What does the body do when calcium is low? (2)
1. increase PTH release Ca from bone decrease Ca loss in urine 2. increase Vit D3 absorb Ca from intestine
69
What does the body do when calcium is high? (3)
1. decrease PTH increase Ca loss in urine decrease Ca from bone 2. decrease Vit D3 decrease Ca from intestine 3. increase calcitonin decrease release of Ca from bone
70
What does the body do when phosphorus is low?
1. increase Vit D3 increase P absorption increase P release from bone decrease P loss in urine
71
What does the body do when phosphorus is high?
1. increase P in urine
72
What are the 3 functions of magnesium?
1. bone/teeth formation 2. activating enzyme 3. muscle contraction
73
What can a deficiency in magnesium cause?
grass tetany/grass staggers in older animals
74
What are the 2 forms of iron? Where are they found?
heme; animal tissue nonheme; plant tissue
75
Does heme iron or nonheme iron have the highest absorption rate?
heme
76
What can a deficiency in iron cause? (3)
anemia fatugue depressed growth rate
77
How much iron is recycled in the body?
99.5%
78
What is sulfur a part of? (4)
methionine cysteine thiamin cobalt
79
Does sulfur need to be provided in ruminant diets?
yes
80
What is zinc used for? Where is it found?
reactions; tissue
81
What does copper aid in?
pigmentation of wool and hair
82
Can copper be toxic/lethal to sheep?
yes
83
What is cobalt a part of?
vitamin B12
84
How much selenium should we intake according to the FDA?
no more than 0.3 ppm
85
What can a deficiency in selenium cause? (2)
white muscle disease stiff lamb disease
86
What does selenium have a relationship with?
vitamin E
87
What does iodine aid in?
thyroid function
88
What can a deficiency in iodine cause?
goiter
89
What does fluorine aid in?
hardening teeth

Animal Nutrition (6 decks)

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