Quiz 5 Material

Question 1

To synthesize protein, ruminants need: (4)

Answer 1

1. nitrogen
2. c-skeleton
3. energy source
4. sulfur

Question 2

Does carbohydrates have a requirement? What is required for energy?

Answer 2

no; calories

Question 3

What are protein sources for monogastrics and ruminants?

Answer 3

monogastrics - dietary
ruminants - dietary and microbial

Question 4

What kind of bonds do enzymes present effective on carbs?

Answer 4

alpha

Question 5

Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for lactase?

Answer 5

decreases

Question 6

Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for amylase, maltase, and sucrase?

Answer 6

increases

Question 7

Over time, what happens to the enzyme effectiveness for lipase?

Answer 7

stays constant

Question 8

True or False. Enzymes change by age and diet type.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

Is glucose absorbed at a higher or lower rate?

Answer 9

higher

Question 10

Is fructose absorbed at a higher or lower rate than glucose?

Answer 10

lower

Question 11

What is starch made of? Which one is easier to absorb?

Answer 11

amylose and amylopectin; amylopectin

Question 12

Is carbohydrate absorption active or passive? By what means?

Answer 12

active; glucose transporters

Question 13

What 3 types of glucose transporters are there?

Answer 13

1. carbohydrate specific
2. tissue specific
3. all around (transport any sugar)

Question 14

What are VFAs a product of?

Answer 14

fermentation

Question 15

Where are VFAs absorbed?

Answer 15

where they’re produced

Question 16

Where can VFAs be found? (2)

Answer 16

rumen and large intestine

Question 17

What percentage of energy does VFAs provide for ruminants?

Answer 17

70%

Question 18

How frequently are VFAs absorbed as produced in order to stabilize the pH?

Answer 18

constantly

Question 19

How much acetate, propionate, and butyrate does fiber produce? Which one is most preferred and why?

Answer 19

2:2:1; propionate, due to no production of methane

Question 20

What type of diet will give more acetate?

Answer 20

high fiber diet

Question 21

What type of diet will give more propionate?

Answer 21

high grain diet

Question 22

What type of diet will give more butyrate?

Answer 22

fiber diet

Question 23

What are the 2 feed additives talked about in lecture? What are they also called? Which one can kill a horse?

Answer 23

rumensin and lasalocid; ionophores; lasalocid

Question 24

What does an ionophore do?

Answer 24

utilize extra carbs

Question 25

When acetate is absorbed, what does it produce? (2)

Answer 25

ketones fatty acids by the TCA cycle

Question 26

When propionate is absorbed, what does it produce in the TCA cycle?

Answer 26

glucose

Question 27

When butyrate is absorbed, what does it convert to?

Answer 27

ketones

Question 28

What percentage of gross energy intake loss does methane cause? How can you change the production of methane?

Answer 28

8-10%; diet

Question 29

How can you change VFA production?

Answer 29

diet

Question 30

What are the 4 factors affecting glucose absorption?

Answer 30

1. short term fasting (decrease rate) 2. chronic fasting (increase rate) 3. diabetes (absorb faster) 4. Endocrinology or endocrine state can change glucose absorption

Question 31

What 2 things can keep an animal's glucose in check or keep it in a narrow window?

Answer 31

insulin and glucogon

Question 32

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

Answer 32

produce energy, turn glucose to either pyruvate or lactate

Question 33

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 33

cytosol

Question 34

Where does the TCA cycle happen?

Answer 34

mitochondria

Question 35

How much energy is in 1 glucose?

Answer 35

8 ATP

Question 36

How much energy is yielded when pyruvate converts to acetyl CoA?

Answer 36

6 ATP

Question 37

How much energy is produced when acetyl CoA is converted to acetate in the TCA cycle?

Answer 37

24 ATP

Question 38

How much energy in total is produced in glycolysis?

Answer 38

38 ATP

Question 39

What is the 2 processes of glycolysis? Which one is preferred?

Answer 39

glucose to pyruvate to acetyl CoA to TCA cycle (preferred) glucose to pyruvate to lactate (no oxygen present)

Question 40

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway happen?

Answer 40

cytosol

Question 41

What is the process of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 41

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate to ribulose

Question 42

What is ribulose needed for?

Answer 42

nucleic acid production

Question 43

Explain the 2 stages of the pentose phosphate pathway.

Answer 43

1. oxidative phase generates NADPH (reduce oxidative stress due to radicals) 2. non-oxidative phase generates 5-carbon (ribulose)

Question 44

What does the electron transport chain do?

Answer 44

transport electrons

Question 45

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

Answer 45

produce energy

Question 46

Where does the electron transport chain happen?

Answer 46

mitochondria, portion in mitochondria membrane

Question 47

What happens in the TCA cycle in the electron transport chain?

Answer 47

succinate converts to fumarate and fumarate converts to malate

Question 48

What does FADH convert to in the TCA cycle?

Answer 48

FAD and 2 ATP

Question 49

What does NADH convert to in the TCA cycle?

Answer 49

NAD and 3 ATP

Question 50

What is glycogen used for in animals?

Answer 50

store energy

Question 51

True or False. Glycogen is a limited energy storage. How long can it stay in the body?

Answer 51

true; 24 hrs

Question 52

How can glycogen storage be altered? (3)

Answer 52

physical training basal metabolic rate diet

Question 53

How much glycogen does an average human have? Athlete?

Answer 53

average human - 280 g athlete - 500 g