Quiz 5 Flashcards by Liliane Ernst

which type of duct is the smallest?

intercalated duct

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intercalated duct has what classification of epithelium?

squamos

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striated duct has what classification of epithelium?

cuboidal to columnar

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intralobularduct has what classification of epithelium?

cuboidal to columnar

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interlobular duct has what classification of epithelium?

columnar

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Lobar duct has what classification of epithelium?

columnar stratified

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4 functions of salivary glands/salia

lubricating, digestive, immunologic, and protective

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what kind of molecules do saliva digest and w/ what enzyme

carbs amylase

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which antibody secreted in salivary galnds

IgA

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What are pellicles

protective protein film on teeth

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3 different types of salivary glands

mixed acinus–mostly serous mixed acinus–mostly mucus all serous

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3 different salivary glands

Parotid 2. Submanibular 3. Sublingual

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What kind of secretion in parotid?

all serous

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What kind of secretion in submandibular?

mostly serous, some mucous

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What kind of secretion in sublingual?

mostly mucous, some serous

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serous secretions are baso/eosino philic?

eosinophilic

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what is serous demilune

artifact of freezing..serous cells form a cap

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What kind of ducts?

intercalated and striated

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mitochondria stain baso/eosinophilic?

eosinophilic

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t/f the pancreas has striated ducts

false

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what produces striations in striated ducts?

mitochondria in infolded membranes

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3 types of exocrine secretions from pancreas

enzymes, water, and ions

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enzymes released fromp ancrease are in active/inactive form?

inactive

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enzyme secretions of pancrease are controlled by which hormone?

cholecystokinin

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water and ion secretion of pancreas is controlled by which hormone/

secretin

which ion is most prevalent in pancreaes secretion?

bicarbonate

enzymes released from pancreas are activated where, by what

gut lumen/duodenum , change in pH

pancrease has what kind of secretion serous/mucous?

serous

are there myoepithelial cells in pancreas?

what kind of duct cells are centroacinar cells?

intercalated duct

5 functions of the liver

protein synthesis bile secretins detox and inactiation storage gluconeogenesis

submandibular..has seromucous glands

liver comes from which trilaminar germ layer

endoderm

liver is what type of tissue

epithelial

t/f liver is very homogenous has a lot of collagen has a lot of reticular fibers

t f t

blood flow in liver portal vein -\> \_\_\_vein -\> IVC

hepatic veins

bile duct is what type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal

reticular fibers are what type of collagen

perivascular/perisibusoidal sapce/ space of Disse is b/w what and contains a lot of

sinusoid and hepatocytes reticular fibers

what type of endothelium in liver sinusoids

discontinuous/fenestrated

microvilli are on which surface of hepatoytes?

basal

What are kupffer cells?

macrophage of liver

basal domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?

sinusoids

lateral domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes? and contain a lot of

hepatocytes gap junctions

apical domains of hepatocytes border siusoids or other hepatocytes?

two hepatocytes join to form the walls of the bile canacliculi

waht isolates the apical and lateral domains of a hepatocyte?

tight junctions

secretions of hepatocytes ususally occur at which domain?

apical

gall bladder has what kind of epithelium

simple columnar

t/f gall bladder has muscularis mucosa

t/f gall bladder has sub mucosa

false

how does bile get more concentrated in gall bladder/

Na pumped out into intercellularspace and water diffuses out of cell

oral cavity is lined w/ what kind of epithelium

non-keratinzed stratified squamos

3 types of papillae on the tongue

filiform, fingiform, circumvallate

what are the 4 layers of the gut tube

1. Mucosa 2. submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. serosa/adventitia

3 layers of the mucosa

epithelium lamina propia muscularis mucosa

does the gall bladder have muscularis mucosa

submucosa is what kind of tissue and has a lot of ___ and ))))

loose CT nerves blood vessels

muscularis externa has how many layers of muscles?

2 layers of smooth muscle

inner layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal

circular

outer layer of muscularis externa is circular/longitudinal

longitudinal

another name for external to the lumen

abluminal

serosa is comprised of what kind of epithelium

simple squamous

another name for serosa

visceral peritoneum

adventitia is comprised of

losse connective tissue

what kind of epithelium thoughout most of the digestive tract...what are the 4 exceptions

simple columnar mouth pharynx esophagus anus

waht kind of epithelium in esophagus?

non-keratinized stratified squamous

where are the mucous galnds of the esophagus (ie which layer)

submucosa

what's different about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

skeleatl muscle in proximal third

In the thorax the esophagus has (serosa/adventitia) circumferentailly; only is the abdomen is there (serosa/adventitia) coverin the ____ and \_\_\_\_ (which direction/position) surfaces of hte abdominal esophagus

adventitia serosa anterior lateral

sphincter muscle of stomach is in which part of the stmach

pylorus

muscosa of hte stmach has what kind of mucous cells

surface mucous/sticky

mucous from surface mucous cells in stomach is ____ rich and has (high/low pH)

bicarbonate high

3 types of gastric glands int he stomatch

pariteal (oxyntic) chief (zymogentic) enteroendorine

most gastric glands of the stomach empty into \_\_\_ -which gland is differnet and where does it drain

pits/foveolae enteroendocrine cells--empty into blood stream

another name for the pits in teh stmach

foveolae

parietal cells produce what 2 things

HCL and intrinsic factor

chief cells of the stomatch produce

pepsinogen

enteroendocrine cells produce what

multiple hormones

parietal cells are eosinophilic/basophilic why

eosinophilic b/c of mitochondria

for chief cells basal part of the cell is (basophilic/eosonphilic) due to large quantities of \_\_\_\_ Athe apical partion the vesicles containing pepsinogen are (basophilic/eosonphilic)

basophilic RER eosiniophilic

gastric glands are located b/w which layers of the the stomach

mucosa/muscularis mucosa

Difference b/w Resting/Inactive pariteal/oxyntic cells (resting/active) has intracellular canaliculus (Resting/active) has microvili (resting/active) has tubovesicular

resting active resting

hwat is prupose of tubulovesicular and microvilli in parietal cells?

increase surface area

H+ on parietal cells is produced how pumped into where? what hpapens HCO3-

carbonic anhydrase lumen of stmach pumped into capillaries and broufht to submucosal cell to make alkalotic mucus

function of pepsin

breaks down proteins into polypeptides

enteroendocrine gland is in which part of stomach

antrum

in enteroendocrine cells at which domain does exocytosis occur?

basal

function of small intestines?

reductionof carbs, fats, proteins into molecules that can be absormed into the blood/lymph

3 portions of the small intestines

duodenum jejunum ileum

duodenum is first ___ (#) cm of the stomach

What is defining feature of Duodenum?

Brunner's gland

name part of organ and defining feature

duodenum Brunner's glands

Brunner's glands have what kind of epithelium

simple columnar

Brunner's glands are in which layer of the duodenum?

submucosa

function of Brunner's glands

secrets alkaline secretion to neutralize pH

main absorption of nutrients occurs in which section of the small intestines?

jejunum

villi are only present in

the small intestines

what are the circular folds in the small intestines called?

plicae circularis

intestinal glands aka

crypts of Lieberkuhn which

which kinds of cells are involved in absorpiton in the small intestines

enterocyte

what are the 2 types of cells found in every intestinal crypt?

paneth and stem cells

intestinal epithelium renews itself at what rate?

3-6 days

function of paneth cells

produce lysozyme to destroy bacteria

what is hte terminal bar

junctional complex

what two things are absorbed in the ileum?

bile salts and B12

which part of intestines has lymphoid tissue

ileum

function of the colon

to absorb water and electrolytes

taeniae coli are

3 segregreated bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

t/f taeniae coli are continuous

where in the respiratory tract is the majority of water absorbed?

small intestines

epithelium of anus transitions to

non-keratized stratified squamos epithelium

in which organ will an epithelum be seen in which every suface cell is capable of secreting mucus?

stomach

how many neurons does hte enteric nervous system have

10^8

3 specializatoins in intestinal tract

1. Enteric nervous system 2. Entero-endocrine 3. Lymphoid tissue

peyer's patches have what kind of tissue

lymphoid

what kind of cells are the arrows pointing to

neuronal cells

Auerbach's plexus aka

myenteric plexus

Gastrin is produced where and does what

pylorus of stomach stimulates gastric acid secretion

Secretin is produced where and does what?

small intestines secretes pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and wahter

cholecystokinin is found where and does what

small intestines pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction

somatostatin is found hwere and does hwat

pylorus and duodenum local inhibitionof other endocrine cells

M cell has what kind of function

deliver antigen to the immune cells in the lymph nodes deeper in the mucosa

surface mucous cells in stomach are turned over how often

4-8 days

where are stem cells in the stomach found?

isthmus

at what rate do the gland cells in the stomach renew themselves?

weeks / slow

nervous system effect (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting) endocrine system (fast/slow) and (brief/longlasting)

fast, brief slow, longlasting

nervous system affects what kind of tissues?

nerve, muscles, and glands

t/f endocrine glands have ducts

false

2 classes of hormones (depending on how far they travel/where they act)

local circulating

Do eicosanoids participate mainly as circulatory or local hormones

local

what are eicosanoids dervied from

arachodonic acid

What are eicosanoids released from

the cell membrane

Multitide of hormoones derie from what 2 main chemical groups

Amino Acids Steroids

3 types of amino acid hormones

amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules

Catecholamine is a ## Footnote amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

AA derivative

norepi and epi are ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

AA derviatives

thyroid hormones are: ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

AA derivatives

insulin is ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

protein

growth hormone is ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

protein

parathyroid hormone is ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

protein

Vasopressin is ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

small peptide

products of enteroendocrine cells are ## Footnote is a amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

small peptide molecules

adrenal cortical hormones are ## Footnote amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

steroids

ovarian and testicular hormones are ## Footnote amino acid derivatives Proteins Small peoptide moleules Steroid

steroids

what is the major functionof receptors in regards to the endocrine system

receptors lend specificity to endocrine system

target cells must have

hormone receptors

3 ways that cells amplify hormone effects

1. synthesize new molecules 2. change permeability of membrane 3. alter rates of reactions

5 alterations that hormones cause

1. alters membrane permeability 2. synthesis of enzymes and/or other proteins 3. activates or deactivates enzymes 4. stimulates secretory activity 5. induces mitosis

4 things that endorine response depends on

1. circulating blood level of hormone 2. Anatomic location of the receptors 3. Number of receptors 4. sensitivity of the receptors

3 different kinds of stimuli to control hormone release

humeral neural hormonal

what is permissiveness and give an example

one hormone is necessary for another hormone to be effective thyroid hormone and reproductive development

what is synergism given an example

amplifcation of hte effect by 2 hormones acting on the same target --glucagon from the pancrease and epi from adrenals mobilize glucose from the liver

Antagonism

glucagon raises and insulin lowers glucose levels ie negative feed back

2 areas of negative feedback control

hypothalamus anterior pituitary hormone

3 types of distribution of endocrine tissue

1. distinct, discrete organs 2. clusters of cells in mixed organs 3. widely dispersed single cells in non-endorine organs

pitutiary is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

primary

thyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

primary

parathyroid is a primary endocrine or secondary endorine

primary

adrenal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

primary

pineal is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

pineal

hypothalamus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

secondary

thymus is a primary endocrine or secondary endocrine

secondary

endocrine system helps regulate what 6 things?

extracellular fluid/electrolytes metabolism biologial clock contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle glandular secretion immune functions

3 functions of endocrine system

regulate growth/development reproduction

draw/ label different parts of the pituitary

3 different parts of the neurohypophysis

Median eminence Infundibular stem Pars Nervosa

3 different parts of Adenohypophysis

Pars tuberalis pars intermedia pars distalis

neurons located in the \_\_\_\_ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus produce ADH and oxytocin. and these two hormones are stored in the ___ \_\_\_

supraotic paraventricular posterior pituitary

what are Herring bodies

neurosecretory granules of posterior hypo

adenohypophysis is made up of what kind of tissue and contains what type of cells

glands secretory cells

t/f the neurohypophysis is an endocrine gland

false

large concentrations of ADH cause

vasoconstriction

SIADH stands for

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

name the two master endocrine glands

hypo and adenohypophysis

hypothatlmus releases how many releasing inhibiting hormones of anterior pituitary

4/2

hypo receives input from what 4 places

coretex thalamus limbic sytem internal organ

inhibitory/releasing polypeptides from hypthatlus accumulate in nerve endings near which part of the anterior pituitary -upon stimulation they are released into a capillary bed and transported to which part of hte ap

median eminence par distalis

2 cell types of adenohypophysis

chromophils and chromophobes

2 types of chromophils

acidophils and basophils

chromophobes make up what % of te pituitary

2 types of acidophillic cells

somatotropes mammotropes

t/f acidophils release tropic hormones

example of somatotrope

growth hormone

mammotropes affects which tissues

mammary gland and testes

example of a mammotropic hormone

prolactin

3 types of basophils

corticotropes throtropes gonadotropes

what are the 4 tropic hormones released by basophils

ACTH TSH FSH LH

chromophobes are what 3 things

stem cells progenitor cells degranulated cells

describe blood flow in the hypo. pituitaries

there is the hypothatlamohypophyseal portal system which serves the adenohypophysis

What are the 4 releasing hormones of the hypothalamus

GHRH CRH TRH GnRH

2 inhibiting hormones from hypothal and what do they do

Somatostatin--inhibits release of GH and TSH PIH-inihibts release of prolactin

what kind of feedback from GH, Prolactin

negative feed back fro metabolites

GH acts on which 3 tissues mostly

bone muscle adipose

skeletal and extraskeletal growth are caused by direct/ indirect actions of GH

indirect

IGF is what

insulin like growth factor

major targets of indirect actions of GH are what kinds of tissue

bone and skeletal muscle

direct actions of GH act on what process and what 3 specific functions of this process

metabolism 1. mobilization of fat as fuel 2. anti-insulin effect 3. promotes protein synthesis by uptake of amino acids

GH regulation has what kind of feedback?

negative

GH is released from

adenohypophysis

IGFs are formed wehre

the liver

GHRH is released from

hypothalamus

hypersecretion of GH leads to what in adults

acromegaly

suckling does what in relation to prolactin

reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition

estrogen has what relationship w/ prolactin

stimulates prolactin release

cascade of throid hormone release starting in Hypo

Hypo releases TRH Anterior pituitary releases TSH Thyroid gland releases thyroid (t4,t3)

4 functions of thyroid

1. Regulates Basal Metabolic Rate 2. Regulates Heat production 3. Influences body and tissue growth 4. Development of the nervous system in the fetus and young child

follicular cells secrete cooloid which is a

tyrosine reich protein called thyroglobulin

activity of hte follicular cell is controlled mainly by

TSH

resting follicles contain (a lot/ a little) colloid and are lined by what kind of epithelium

a lot squamous epithelium w/ short microvilli

active follicles have highly polarized follicular cells which wht kind of epithelium?

columnar

Synthesiss of throglobulin takes place where

follicular epithelial cell

thyroglobulin is secreted into where?

lumen of follicle

T4 and T3 are relased in what ratio

20:1

in circulation, t3/t4 hormone is bound to what

thyroxine binding protein

which is more active T3 or T4 and by what magnitude

T3 is 5x more active than T4

severe hypothyrodism in adults is known as \_\_\_\_\_ in infants \_\_\_\_

myxedema cretinism

parafollicular cells release

calcitonin

calcitonin does what

decreases blood Ca by Depositing onto bone and inhibiting reabsorption from kidney

what kind of cell

parafollicular

what acts faster calcitonin or PTH

calcitonin

parathyroid develops from

pharyneal pouches

thyroid develops from

the base of the tongue

2 parenchymal cells of parathyroid

chief and oxyphil

parathyroid horones does what

increases blood calcium level

cheif cells are in charge of what

Parathyroid

parathyroid is basophilic or eosiniophilic/

eosiniophilic

what are the zones of the adrenal cortex

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

zona glomerulosa does what

aldosterone / mineralcorticoid secreting cells

zona fasciculata does what

cortisol/glucocorticoid secreting cells

zona reticularis

weak androgen producing cels

what is ultrastrucutre of steroid hormone secreting cells 3

smooth ER mitochondria lipid droptlet

what stimulates zona glomerulos secretion?

angiotensin and ACTH

what stimulates zona fasiculata secretion?

ACTH

glucocorticoids generally have what effect on metabiolism except for which organ

catabolism liver---glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

t/f corticosteroids also have anti-inflamatory and immuno sppressive properties

which cells in adrena medulla receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous system

chromaffin

glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex inhibits/enahnces exonal growth of chromaffin

inhibits

2 bloods supplies to adrenal medulla

direct portal from cortical

why is portal blood supply necessary in adrenal medulla

induces the methyltransferae that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine

greatest concnetration of islets is in which part of the pancreas

tail

Alpha cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

periphery of islet glucagon

Beta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

centrally insulin

delta cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

periopherally somatostatin and gastrin

F cells are located where in the islet and secrete what

pancreatic polypeptide

beta cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets

Delta cells make up what % of cells in is

alpha cells make up what percentage of cells in the pancreas islets

delta cells do what to insulin and glucagon?

paracrine inhibition

pancreatic polypeptide from F cells does what/

stimulates gastric chief cells Inhibits bile and pancreatic exocrine secretions , decreaes intestingal motility

pineal glandis where

3rd ventricle of the brain

pineal gland releaes ____ which is respoinsible for...

melatonin biological clock

which kind of papillae are the most numerous and appear as short bristles

filiform

which papillae are broader and have taste buds on their side?

Fungiform

Which kind of papilla form a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis and contain a large number of taste buds.

circumvallate

What divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

Sulcus terminales

In what layer of the intestine would you find intestinal glands?

lamina propria

where in GI tract are paneth cells found

epithemlium of intestinal glands

epithelium of anus keratinized or non keratinized

keratinized

what do Ito cells do

metabolize Vitamin A