Quiz 6 Flashcards by Emma Hervat

Abnormal uterine bleeding

1) menorrhagia
2) metrorrhagia
3) postmenopausal
pg 35

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Profuse/prolonged menstruation

menorrhagia

pg 35

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Irregular, between periods

metrorrhagia

pg 35

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Causes of abnormal uterine bleeding

endometritis, leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial carcinoma, anovulatory cycle, dysfunctional uterine bleeding
pg 35

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Overgrowth of endometrial cells

endometrial hyperplasia

pg 36

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MC female genital tract CA

endometrial carcinoma

pg 37

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Types of endometrial carcinomas

1) endometrioid (80%)
2) serous (15%)
pg 37

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Features of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

endometrial hyperplasia, perimenopausal, increased estrogens, diabetes, HTN, infertility
pg 37

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Features of serous endometrial carcinoma

endometrial atrophy, post-menopausal, aggressive

pg 37

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Sessile/cystic mass .5-3 cm MC around menopause

endometrial polyps

pg 38

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Smooth muscle tumors

1) leiomyoma
2) leiomyosarcoma
pg 38

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Leiomyomas are ____(benign or malignant); leiomyosarcomas are ____(benign or malignant)

benign, malignant

pg 38

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Leiomyosarcomas most commonly mets to…

lungs

pg 38

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Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

salpingitis

pg 41

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Features of salpingitis

pyrexia, lower abdomen pain, pelvic mass

pg 41

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Causes of salpingitis

microbial infection, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, tumor

pg 41

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Fallopian tube carinomas are MC in what location

fimbriae

pg 41

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Features of ovarian cysts

serous-filled, 1-4 cm, from graafian or ruptured follicles

pg 42

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Multiple cystic follicles, enlargeing to ~2x size

polycystic ovarian disease

pg 44

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Features of polycystic ovarian disease

oligomenorrhea, infertility, increase androgens, estrogens and LH, decreased FSH
pg 44

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True or False: Both ovarian cysts and PCOD are familial

True

pg 44

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8th MC CA in US women

ovarian tumors

pg 48

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90% of ovarian cancers

surface epithelial tumors

pg 48

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Types of surface epithelial tumors

1) serous tumors
2) endometrioid tumors
pg 50

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Serous tumors are most commonly _____ (benign or malignant)

benign (60%) | pg 50

Features of serous tumors

large 40 cm, 25% bilateral, benign 30-40yrs, malignant 45-65yrs pg 50

Endometrioid tumors are most commonly _____ (benign or malignant)

malignant | pg 50

Cancer of the GI tract that has spread to the ovaries

Krukenberg tumor | pg 51

Characteristic cell finding of Krukenberg tumor

Signet-ring cells | pg 51/52

Features of ovarian teratomas

2 or 3 germ cell layers, more common in the first 2 decades, 90% benign (younger = increased cancer risk) pg 53

Diseases of pregnancy infections

ascending or transplacental | pg 55

Features of ascending infections

commonly from premature rupture of membranes, MC bacterial | pg 55

Features of transplaceental infections

placental villitis | pg 55

TORCH

``` Toxoplasmosis Rubella virus Other; TB, T. pallidum, HIV,HBV, P.falciparum CMV HSV pg 55 ```

Non-uterine implantation

ectopic pregnancy | pg 57

What is the location of 90% of ectopic pregnancies?

tubal | pg 57

Group of tumors resulting from abnormal fertilization

gestational trophoblastic disease | pg 58

Types of gestational trophoblastic disease

1) hydatidiform mole 2) invasive mole 3) choriocarcinoma pg 58/59

Complete hydatidiform mole

2 sperm, no fetal parts | pg 58

Partial hydatidiform mole

1 egg + 2 sperm, early fetal parts | pg 58

Invasive moles come from...

complete moles | pg 59

Choriocarcinomas come from...

``` complete mole (50%), pregnancy (25%), abortion (25%) pg 59 ```

What is the cure rate with chemotherapy of choriocarcinomas?

~100% | pg 59

Choriocarcinomas most commonly mets to what location?

lungs CANNONBALL METASTASIS pg 60

Toxemia of pregnancy

preeclampsia | pg 61

Features of preeclampsia

1) HTN 2) proteinuria 3) edema in face or periphery pg 61

Cause of preeclampsia

maternal endothelial dysfunction | pg 61

Risks for preeclampsia

1st pregnancy, maternal age >35

The worsening of preeclampsia, onset of seizures and possible coma

eclampsia | pg 64

10% of eclampsia cases develop HELLP syndrome; what does HELLP stand for?

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets | pg 64

Extra nipples located along the embryonic ridge

supernumerary nipple | pg 65/66

Obstructed mammary gland duct in the later stages of nursing

galactocele | pg 65

Categories of fibrocystic changes

1) nonproliferative 2) proliferative pg 69

Most common cause of fibrocystic changes in the breast

menstrual hormonal fluctuations | pg 69

Most common location of fibrocystic changes in the breast

superolateral quadrant | pg 69

Features of non-proliferative fibrocystic changes in the breast

ducts are dilated, cysts are multiple/bilateral, <5cm, calcific densities on mammography pg 70

Features of proliferative fibrocystic changes in the breast

ductal epithelial hyperplasia | pg 70

Inflammatory breast lesions

1) fat necrosis 2) acute mastitis 3) mammary duct ectasia pg 71

Bacterial infection via ducts early in nursing

acute mastitis | pg 71

Features of mammary duct ectasia

Ductal dehydration, chronic inflammation, periareolar mass | pg 71

Age group most commonly affected by mammary duct ectasia

40-60 years | pg 71

Types of tumors of the breast

1) fibroadenoma 2) phyllodes tumor pg 73

MC breast tumor

fibroadenoma | pg 73

Features of a phyllodes tumor

85% are benign, leaf-like cellular appearance | pg 73

Risk for breast cancer

age >50, Caucasians, family history, nulliparous, chest irradiation, increased estrogens, benign lesions, BRCA1/BRCA2, obesity, high fat diet, alcohol, smoking pg 77

Most common location of breast cancer

superolateral quadrant | pg 79

Breast cancer stage 0; rarely palpable mixed cells, necrosis/calcification

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | pg 79

Extension of DCIS, manifests on the skin near the areola, eczema-like

Paget disease of the nipple | pg 81

Breast cancer stage 0; uniform cells, mucon vacuoles, rarely calcific

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) | pg 82

Breast cancer beyond stage 0

invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma | pg 82

Invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma mets via ____(blood or lymph)

lymphatic | pg 82

Removal of the breast and associated lymph nodes

mastectomy | pg 83

Types of invasive breast cancer

1) invasive ductal carcinoma 2) invasive lobular carcinoma 3) triple negative breast cancers pg 84

Invasive cancer from DCIS

invasive ductal carcinoma | pg 84

75% of all breast cancers

invasive ductal carcinoma | pg 84

Hormone receptors associated with invasive ductal carcinoma

2/3 + for estrogen/progestone 1/2 + for HER2 write in

Features of invasive ductal carcinoma

heterogeneous cells, irregular boarders, firm/fibrotic | pg 84

Invasive cancer from LCIS

invasive lobular carcinoma | pg 84

Hormone receptors associated with invasive lobular carcinoma

100% + for estrogen/progesterone rarely + for HER2 write in

Features of invasive lobular carcinoma

multiple masses, palpable or occult, aggressive | pg 84

Hormone receptors associated with triple negative breast cancers

NONE; negative for estrogen, progesterone and HER2 | write in

+ HER2/neu _____(improves or worsens) prognosis

worsens | pg 91

enlargement of male breast tissue

gynecomastia | pg 91

Features of gynecomastia

subareolar swelling, bilateral, "button-like", increase in connective tissue, ductal hyperplasia pg 92

Anatomical position of the penis

erect | pg 3

Occurrence of abnormal urethral orifice

1 in 300 | pg 4

Ventral abnormal urethral orifice

hypospadias | pg 4

Dorsal abnormal urethral orifice

epispadias | pg 4

Which is MC hypospadias | or epispadias?

hypospadias | pg 4

Inflammation of the glans penis

balanitis | pg 8

Inflammation of the prepuce

balanoposthitis | pg 8

Inability to retract prepuce

phimosis | pg 8

Entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the coronal sulcus

paraphimosis | pg 9

95% of penile neoplasms

squamous cell carcinoma | pg 10

SCC In Situ on the shaft of the penis

Bowen disease | pg 10

Risks for penile neoplasms

>40 yrs, uncircumcised, poor hygiene, smoking, HPV 16 and 18, AIDS pg 10

Features of invasive SCC of the penis

on the glans or prepuce, gray, crusted, hardened, irregular boarders, raised or ulcerated pg 10

Removal of the penis

penectomy | pg 12

Rerouting of the urethra

perineal urethrostomy | pg 12

Increase of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis

hydrocele | pg 13

MC cause of scrotal enlargement

hydrocele | pg 13

Blood in the tunica vaginalis

hematocele | pg 13

Lymph in the tunica vaginalis

chylocele | pg 13

Infection of wuchereria bancrofti

filariasis | pg 15

Transmission of filariasis

flies, mosquitos, arthropods | pg 15

Quiz 6 Flashcards

(105 cards)