Quiz 7 Flashcards by Emma Hervat

Failure of testicles to descend

cryptorchidism

pg 17

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At what age is cryptorchidism diagnosed?

1 year

pg 17

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Complications of cryptorchidism if left uncorrected

atrophy, sterility, increased CA risk

pg 17

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Inflammation of the testis

orchitis

pg 18

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Inflammation of the epididymis

epididymitis

pg 18

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Features of orchitis

pain, bloody ejaculation, edma

pg 18

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Features of epididymitis

pain, fever, MC unilateral

pg 18

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Spermatic cord twisting

testicular torsion

pg 19

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Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency because of the risk of what?

infarction

pg 19

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How long do you have to untwist the spermatic cord?

6 hours

pg 19

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Adults who experience testicular torsion commonly have what deformity?

bell-clapper deformity; the testicle is not adhered to the scrotal wall
pg 19

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Age group most commonly affected by testicular torsion

12-18 years

pg 19

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Enlarged pampiniform venous plexus of the scrotum

varicocele

pg 23

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Varicocele is most common in what condition?

renal cell carcinoma
RULE OUT!
pg 24

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Age group most commonly affected by testicular neoplasia

15-34 years

pg 25

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Risks for testicular neoplasia

cryptorchidism, family history, Caucasians, gonadal dysgenesis, or androgen insensitivity
pg 25

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Types of testicular neoplasias

1) sex-cord stromal tumors
2) germ cell tumors
pg 26

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Which testicular neoplasia is more likely to be benign?

sex cord-stromal tumors

pg 26

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Sex cord stromal tumors come from what cells?

sertoli and leydig

pg 26

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Which testicular neoplasia is more likely to be malignant?

germ cell tumor

pg 26

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Germ cell tumors come from…

intratubular germ cell neoplasia

pg 26

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Types of germ cell tumors

1) seminomas
2) nonseminomatous GCTs
pg 26

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Which type of germ cell tumor has a more favorable prognosis?

seminomas

pg 28

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What % of seminomas have increased hCG?

10%

pg 28

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Features of seminomas

soft texture, well-demarcated, gray-white; cells are large unform with round nuclei pg 28

Types of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

1) embryonal carcinoma 2) yolk sac tumor 3) choriocarcinoma 4) teratoma pg 30

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with indistinct boarders and no tumor markers

embryonal carcinoma | pg 30

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor affecting 3 year olds, 90% have AFP

yolk sac tumor | pg 30

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with 100% of cases having an increase in hCG

choriocarcinoma | pg 30

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor containing all 3 germ cell layers

teratoma | pg 30

Features of testicular cancer

painless testicular mass, non-translucent, blood in semen, dull achy pain in groin/abdomen pg 32

Pathologies MC in the peripheral zone of the prostate

carcinomas | pg 37

Pathologies MC in the transitional zone of the prostate

hyperplasia | pg 37

Inflammation of the prostate

prostatitis | pg 41

Causes of prostatitis

bacterial, chronic nonbacterial(MC), asymptomatic | pg 41

Hyperplasia creating an overall growth of the prostate

benign prostatic hyperplasia | pg 43

BPH is most commonly located in which zone?

transitional | pg 43

What % of BPH is symptomatic?

10% | pg 43

If BPH is symptomatic, what are the symptoms?

urethral obstruction, increase in frequency/urgency, nocturia pg 43

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate | pg 45

2nd MC cause of CA related death in males

Prostate cancer | pg 46

Risks for carcinoma of the prostate

>50(MC 65-75), increased androgens, African or Asian descent, mutations pg 47

MC location of carcinoma of the prostate

peripheral zone | pg 48

If prostate cancer mets to the spine is it osteoblastic or osteolytic?

osteoblastic | pg 48

Dilation of the renal pelvis/calyces

hydronephrosis | pg 53

Complications of hydronephrosis

decrease in function, possibly atrophy | pg 53

Kidney stone

renal calculus | pg 55

What are renal calculi made of?

calcium oxalate | pg 55

Features of renal calculus

ureter pain, flank pain referred to the groin, intermittent and severe pg 55

Risks for renal calculus

males, family history, dehydration, UTIs, decreased vit A, gout pg 55

Upper urinary tract stone

Staghorn calculus | pg 55

what are staghorn calculus made of?

magnesium ammonium phosphate | pg 57

Deficiency of vitamin A causes...

kidney stones, bitot spots | pg 59

Overdoes of vitamin A causes...

vomiting/weight loss, arthritis, headache, dizziness/stupor, diplopia pg 59

Blind-ended pouch in the bladder wall

diverticulum | pg 60

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

cystitis | pg 60

Types of bladder cancer

1) urothelial carcinoma 2) squamous cell carcinoma pg 62

What type of bladder cancer is MC?

``` urothelial carcinoma (90%) pg 62 ```

Risk for bladder cancer

age 50-80, males, chronic irritation/infection, smoking, occupational and environmental carcinogens pg 62

Features of bladder cancer

painless hematuria, high recurrence | pg 64

Reminder: look at extra credit article

pg 65

Quiz 7 Flashcards

(61 cards)