Quiz 7 Questions

Question 1

What is shaping?

Answer 1

Behavior modification strategy used to develop a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior. Useful when target behavior is not currently being exhibited.

Question 2

What three things occur during shaping?

Answer 2

Generate a novel behavior.
Reinstate previously exhibited behavior.
Change some dimensions of an existing behavior.

Question 3

Which two behavioral principles are involved in shaping? Explain.

Answer 3

Reinforcement: Successive approximations of the behavior are reinforced.
Extinction: Previous approximations are no longer reinforced, encouraging progress toward the target behavior.

Question 4

Describe how an extinction burst may play a role in shaping.

Answer 4

An extinction burst can occur when reinforcement is removed for a previous approximation. The person may initially show a sudden increase in behavior before the next approximation is reinforced.

Question 5

Provide an example for how an extinction burst may play a role in shaping.

Answer 5

Ex: Child is learning to say “water.” First, any sound like “wa” is reinforced. When you stop reinforcing “wa” and wait for “wat” the child might repeat “wa” louder or more frequently. If “wat” is reinforced shaping progresses.

Question 6

What is a prompt?

Answer 6

Cue or assistance given to increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time.

Question 7

When is prompt used in behavior modification?

Answer 7

Help someone perform a desired behavior in the presence of a discriminative stimulus.

Question 8

What is a response prompt?

Answer 8

Behavior of another person that evokes the desired response.

Question 9

Identify four types of response prompts.

Answer 9

Verbal Prompt, Gestural Prompt, Modeling Prompt, Physical Prompt

Question 10

Describe what verbal prompts are.

Answer 10

Type of prompt in which the verbal behavior of another person results in the correct behavior of the trainee in the presence of the discriminative stimulus. (Spoken Instructions or Cues)

Question 11

Describe what gestural prompts are.

Answer 11

Physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behavior in the presence of discriminative stimulus. (Physical Movements or Gestures)

Question 12

Describe what modeling prompts are.

Answer 12

Type of prompt in which the trainer demonstrates the target behavior for the learner. Modeling works best with instructions and in situations where the learner can rehearse the behavior. (Demonstrate correct behavior)

Question 13

Describe what physical prompts are.

Answer 13

Type of prompt in which the trainer physically assists the learner to engage in the correct behavior at the correct time. Involves hand-over-hand guidance of a behavior. (Hand-over-hand assistance)

Question 14

What is a stimulus prompt?

Answer 14

Involves modifying or adding to the stimulus itself to encourage the correct behavior.

Question 15

Identify two types of stimulus prompts.

Answer 15

Within-Stimulus Prompt
Extrastimulus Prompt

Question 16

Describe within-stimulus prompts.

Answer 16

Type of stimulus where some aspects of the SD is changed to help a person make a correct discrimination. Changing the SD.

Question 17

Describe extrastimulus prompt.

Answer 17

Type of stimulus prompt where a stimulus is added to help a person make a correct discrimination.

Question 18

Define the tact.

Answer 18

Occurs when something is present in the environment, the child names it, and the child gets praise or other nonspecific reinforcers. (Saying dog when seeing a dog)

Question 19

Define the mand.

Answer 19

Occurs when a particular thing functions as a reinforcer, a child asks for it, and the child gets it from someone as a reinforcer. (Saying juice when thirst and being given juice)

Question 20

1. Shaping involves differential reinforcement of ________________________ of a target behavior.

Answer 20

Successive Approximations

Question 21

2. In shaping, the first behavior chosen for reinforcement is called the _______________________.

Answer 21

Starting Behavior

Question 22

3. What two behavioral principles are involved in differential reinforcement? ______________________ and _______________________

Answer 22

Reinforcement and Extinction

Question 23

4. What conditioned reinforcer might a trainer utilize when using shaping to get a dolphin to do tricks? _______________________________

Answer 23

A whistle

Question 24

5. It is important to use a ___________________________ reinforcer to be able to deliver the reinforcer immediately after the desired behavior during shaping.

Answer 24

Conditioned

Question 25

Shaping can be used for three different outcomes: 5. To generate a __________________________ behavior.

Answer 25

Novel

Question 26

Shaping can be used for three different outcomes: 6. To reinstate a __________________________behavior.

Answer 26

Previously Exhibited

Question 27

Shaping can be used for three different outcomes: 7. To change some ___________________________ of an existing behavior.

Answer 27

Dimension

Question 28

8. You would not need to use shaping when _______________________ could be used to get the person to engage in the target behavior.

Answer 28

Prompting or instructions

Question 29

9. Mikey shares his toys only occasionally when he is playing with his friends. You want him to share more often. Is shaping a necessary procedure to use to get him to share more? ________________________________

Answer 29

No

Question 30

1. Shaping involves ______________________ of successive approximations of a target behavior.

Answer 30

Differential Reinforcement

Question 31

2. The steps in a shaping procedure are called ________________________________.

Answer 31

Successive Approximations

Question 32

3. Name three shaping steps (successive approximations) that are reinforced when teaching a young child to talk: _________________________, ________________________________, and ______________________________.

Answer 32

Babbling, Simple Sounds like “da”, and Saying Full Word “dada”

Question 33

It is important to use a conditioned reinforcer during shaping for two reasons: 4. So the reinforcer can be delivered _____________________ after the behavior.

Answer 33

Immediately

Question 34

It is important to use a conditioned reinforcer during shaping for two reasons: 5. So that the reinforcer does not lose its effectiveness through _____________________________.

Answer 34

Satiation

Question 35

6. ___________________________ Using shaping to get a person to walk again after an injury

Answer 35

Reinstating a previously exhibited behavior

Question 36

7. ___________________________Using shaping to get a person to talk louder during speech therapy sessions

Answer 36

Changing a dimension of an existing behavior

Question 37

8. __________________________ Using shaping to get a young child to say “dada”

Answer 37

Generating novel behavior

Question 38

9. Shaping _____________ (is/is not) an appropriate procedure to use if you can get the target behavior to occur by using instructions or modeling.

Answer 38

Is Not

Question 39

10. If the target behavior is already occurring at least occasionally, what would you do to get it to occur more often? ________________________

Answer 39

Use Differential Reinforcement

Question 40

1. _______________________ involves differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior.

Answer 40

Shaping

Question 41

2. In shaping, each ________________________ is a behavior that is more and more like the target behavior.

Answer 41

Successive Approximation

Question 42

3. If you were using shaping to get a rat in an experimental chamber to press a lever, pressing the lever would be called the _____________________________.

Answer 42

Target Behavior

Question 43

4. If you were using shaping to get a rat to press a lever in a 1-square-foot experimental chamber, what might you choose for a starting behavior? ____________________________________

Answer 43

Approaching the Lever

Question 44

5. It is important to use a ______________________________ reinforcer to avoid satiation during shaping.

Answer 44

Conditioned

Question 45

6. Shaping is used to: ________________________, __________________________, ___________________________

Answer 45

Generate novel behavior, reinstate previously exhibited behavior, and change a dimension of existing behavior

Question 46

7. You do not need to use shaping if you can get the behavior to occur by: ________________________ or _________________

Answer 46

Instructions or modeling

Question 47

1. Telling a dance student how to do a dance step is what type of prompt? __________________________

Answer 47

Verbal Prompt

Question 48

2. Having a dance student watch you perform the dance step you want her to perform is what type of prompt? ___________________________

Answer 48

Modeling Prompt

Question 49

3. What are the two types of stimulus prompts? __________________________ and ____________________________

Answer 49

Within-Stimulus and Extrastimulus

Question 50

4. _________________________ is the gradual removal of a prompt as the behavior occurs in the presence of the SD.

Answer 50

Prompt Fading

Question 51

5. Verbal, gestural, modeling, and physical prompts are what types of prompts? ______________________________

Answer 51

Response Prompts

Question 52

6. Prompt fading transfers stimulus control from the prompt to the _____________________________.

Answer 52

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Question 53

7. In the prompt delay procedure, you present the SD ______________________________, and then present the prompt.

Answer 53

First

Question 54

8. Stimulus prompts are removed through the process of ______________________________, to transfer stimulus control from the stimulus prompt to the SD.

Answer 54

Stimulus Fading

Question 55

9. When a billboard has a flashing light (a light on the billboard is flashing, the words themselves are not flashing) that gets you to read the message on the billboard, the flashing light is an example of what type of stimulus prompt?

Answer 55

Extrastimulus Prompt

Question 56

10. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. ______________________________ A child sees a cat, says cat and gets praise

Answer 56

Tact

Question 57

10. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. ___________________________ The teacher says what animal says “Meow?” the child says “cat,” and the teacher provides praise.

Answer 57

Intraverbal

Question 58

1. _________________________ are stimuli given before a behavior to get the behavior to occur in the presence of the SD.

Answer 58

Prompts

Question 59

2. _______________________ prompts involve the behavior of another person.

Answer 59

Response

Question 60

3. _______________________ prompts involve the change in a stimulus or the addition or removal of a stimulus.

Answer 60

Stimulus

Question 61

4. What are the four types of response prompts? _____________________, ______________________, __________________________, __________________

Answer 61

Verbal, Gestural, Modeling, Physical

Question 62

5. Which response prompt is most intrusive? __________________ Which is least intrusive? ______________________

Answer 62

Physical Verbal

Question 63

6. Extrastimulus prompts and within-stimulus prompts are what types of prompts? _______________________

Answer 63

Stimulus Prompts

Question 64

7. Prompt fading, stimulus fading, and prompt delay are three ways to _____________________________.

Answer 64

Transfer stimulus control

Question 65

8. What is stimulus fading? ____________________

Answer 65

Gradual removal of a stimulus prompt

Question 66

9. In prompt delay, what do you do after presenting the SD? ___________________________

Answer 66

Wait a specified time (4 secs) then present the prompt if the correct response doesn’t occur

Question 67

10. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. ________________________ The teacher says “Thank you” the child says “Thank you” and the teacher provides praise

Answer 67

Echoic

Question 68

10. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. ________________________ A parent gives a child a bowl of ice cream with no spoon, the child says spoon and the parent gives the child a spoon.

Answer 68

Mand

Question 69

1. A prompt comes ________________ (before/after) the SD.

Answer 69

After

Question 70

2. A coach is providing a(n) ______________________ prompt when they motion to the batter where to stand or how to hold the bat.

Answer 70

Gestural

Question 71

3. A coach is providing a(n) ______________________ prompt when they hold the bat in the player’s hands and swing it with the player to show them how to do it.

Answer 71

Physical

Question 72

4. With prompt fading, a prompt is _________________________ eliminated as the behavior occurs in the presence of the SD.

Answer 72

Gradually

Question 73

5. With prompt fading, stimulus control is transferred from the ________________________ to the SD.

Answer 73

Prompt

Question 74

6. Presenting the SD and waiting 4 seconds before presenting the prompt is called __________________________.

Answer 74

Prompt Delay

Question 75

7. What are three ways to transfer stimulus control? _________________________, ________________________, _____________________________

Answer 75

Prompt Fading, Stimulus Fading, Prompt Delay

Question 76

8. ____________________________ come after the SD and are used to get the correct behavior to occur in the presence of the SD.

Answer 76

Prompts

Question 77

9. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. _________________________ You just ran 5 miles, you say “Water”, and your friend hands you a cup of water

Answer 77

Mand

Question 78

9. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. _________________________ The parent says “Water,” the child says “Water,” and the parent provides praise

Answer 78

Echoic

Question 79

9. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. _________________________ You hear thunder, you say, “Thunder,” and your teacher says, “Yes, that’s thunder.”

Answer 79

Tact

Question 80

9. Identify the verbal operant illustrated in each example. _________________________ The teacher says, “What do you hear when you see lightning?,” the child says “Thunder,” and the teacher provides praise

Answer 80

Intraverbal

Question 81

10. What are the four types of response prompts? ________________________, _________________________, ________________________, ________________________

Answer 81

Verbal, Gestural, Modeling, Physical