Quizes Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
A 35 year old female suffers from PMS, poor concentration and memory, and has recurrent vaginal infections. You immediately suspect candidiasis. Which of the following would you recommend? Choose all that apply. Select one or more:
a. An elimination diet to assess possible food allergies
b. Removal of refined carbohydrates
c. Removal of dairy products
d. Removal of yeast-containing supplements
e. Two to four servings of red wine per day
A
a. An elimination diet to assess possible food allergies
b. Removal of refined carbohydrates
c. Removal of dairy products
d. Removal of yeast-containing supplements
2
Q
A patient is highly sensitive to MSG (monosodium glutamate). You immediately suspect a deficiency in which B vitamin?
a. Vitamin B12
b. Thiamin
c. Riboflavin
d. Niacin
e. Vitamin B6
f. Biotin
g. Folic acid
h. Pantothenic acid
A
e.Vitamin B6
3
Q
The sweetener ____________ , which is derived from ____________, is worse for human health, than ____________, which is derived from____________.
Select one:
a. HFCS; sugarcane; sucrose, corn
b. HFCS; corn; sucrose; sugarcane
c. sucrose; corn; HFCS; sugarcane
d. sucrose; sugarcane; HFCS; corn
A
b. HFCS; corn; sucrose; sugarcane
The sweetener HFCS , which is derived from corn, is worse for human health, than sucrose, which is derived from sugarcane.
4
Q
When it comes to cooking and storage of foods, which of the following conditions are optimal? Please choose all that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a. Cooking at low temperatures
b. Cooking at high temperatures
c. Cooking in the presence of moisture
d. Cooking in the absence of moisture
e. Storing foods in glass containers
f. Storing foods in aluminum containers
g. Storing foods in tin containers
A
a. Cooking at low temperatures,
c. Cooking in the presence of moisture,
e. Storing foods in glass containers
5
Q
True or False? In reactive hypoglycemia, the body might compensate for the rapid reduction in blood glucose levels by secreting epinephrine. Epinephrine contributes to “fight or flight” reactions: palpitations, tachycardia, tremor, weakness, and sweating, among others.
Select one:
True
False
A
True
6
Q
The optimum test for assessing vitamin D status is to measure serum levels of
a. Pre-vitamin D3
b. Vitamin D3
c. 25(OH)vitamin D3
d. 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3
e. Calcitroic acid
A
c. 25(OH)vitamin D3
7
Q
Consumption of high protein diets increase the requirement of this B vitamin
Select one:
a. Thiamine
b. Riboflavin
c. Niacin
d. Folic acid/folate
e. Pantothenic acid
f. Vitamin B6
g. Biotin
h. Vitamin B12
A
f. Vitamin B6
8
Q
These two fat-soluble vitamins participate in bone mineralization. Please select two answers.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a. Vitamins A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
A
b. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin K
9
Q
True or False? The consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease the requirements for vitamin E.
A
False
10
Q
Which of the following conditions may increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency? Please choose ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a. Vegan diets
b. Gastrectomy
c. Achlorhydria/hypochlorhydria
d. Poor IF secretion
e. Helicobacter pylori infections
f. Increased age
A
All of the above
11
Q
Acrodermatitis enterohepatica is an inherited disorder that reduces the intestinal absorption and/or retention of this mineral
Select one:
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Copper
d. Chromium
e. Selenium
f. Manganese
g. Iodine
h. Molybdenum
A
B. Zinc
12
Q
Serum calcium levels are regulated by which hormones? Please choose all that apply.
Select one or more:
a. Calcidiol
b. Calcitriol
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Calcitonin
e. Cholecalciferol
A
b. Calcitriol
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Calcitonin
13
Q
The most prevalent micronutrient deficiency in the world is
A
iron
14
Q
Glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme, requires this mineral as cofactor.
A
Selenium
15
Q
T/F. Chromium might be useful in the treatment of diabetes.
A
True
16
Q
This compound is necessary for the beta oxidation of fatty acids.
A
Carnitine
17
Q
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) typically used as antidepressants may interact with this particular amino acid.
A
L-tryptophan
18
Q
The enzymatic digestion of synthetic (supplemental) free (i.e., unbound) amino acids begins in the ____________.
A. mouth
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. large intestine
e. none of these answers are correct
A
e. none of these answers are correct
19
Q
T/F. The evidence on DHEA and its effect on cancer is conflicting. DHEA may promote and prevent certain types of cancers.
A
True
20
Q
This amino acid is particularly effective in the treatment and/or prevention of herpes simplex infections.
A
L-lysine
21
Q
Which vitamin-mineral combination should be considered appropriate treatment for beriberi (wet), beriberi (dry), and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
a. Uranium and ascorbate
b. Calcium and cholecalciferol
c. Riboflavin and selenium
d. Potassium and pyridoxine
e. Thiamine and magnesium
A
e. Thiamine and magnesium
22
Q
Nutritional Medicine resembles which type of medicine?
a. Integrative Medicine
b. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
c. Functional Medicine
d. Traditional Chinese Medicine
e. Orthomolecular Medicine
A
e. Orthomolecular Medicine
23
Q
The required amount of this B vitamin increases with increased toxin exposure.
a. Niacin
b. Biotin
c. Riboflavin
d. Folic acid/folate
e. Vitamin B6
f. Vitamin B12
g. Pantothenic acid
h. Thiamine
A
e. Vitamin B6
24
Q
Due to increased risk of hyperkalemia and gastrointestinal conditions, dietary sources of this mineral are preferred over supplements.
Select one:
a.
Iodine
b.
Potassium
c.
Manganese
d.
Selenium
e.
Calcium
f.
Magnesium
g.
Zinc
h.
Chromium
i.
Sodium
j.
Iron
k.
Copper
A
b. Potassium
25
For the treatment of reactive hypoglycemia, _________ supplements are beneficial because this compound promotes _________. Hint: the supplemental compound facilitates fatty acid transport for oxidation.
Select one:
a.
niacin, glycolysis
b.
niacin, gluconeogenesis
c.
vitamin A, gluconeogenesis
d.
carnitine, gluconeogenesis
e.
carnitine, glycolysis
d. carnitine, gluconeogenesis
26
Niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid _________________.
Select one:
a.
tryptophan
b.
lysine
c.
phenylalanine
d.
tyrosine
e.
glycine
f.
arginine
a. tryptophan
27
The "auto-brewery syndrome", characterized by intoxicating levels of ethanol in the body, refers to the symptoms a patient might have as a result of
Select one:
a.
Release of cortisol as a result of reactive hypoglycemia
b.
High consumption of MSG
c.
Infection with Candida species
d.
Release of epinephrine as a result of reactive hypoglycemia
e.
Allergic reaction to BHT and/or BHA
c. Infection with Candida species
28
This water-soluble vitamin is a precursor of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which plays a role in the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation cycle.
Select one:
a.
Thiamine
b.
Niacin
c.
Vitamin B12
d.
Biotin
e.
Vitamin B6
f.
Vitamin C
g.
Pantothenic acid
h.
Folic acid/folate
i.
Riboflavin
b. Niacin
29
Raw egg whites contain a glycoprotein (avidin) that inhibits the intestinal absorption of which B vitamin?
Select one:
a.
Vitamin B6
b.
Riboflavin
c.
Thiamine
d.
Folic acid/folate
e.
Vitamin B12
f.
Biotin
g.
Pantothenic acid
h.
Niacin
f. Biotin
30
Soy protein _________________ the absorption of thyroid hormones.
a.
does not affect
b.
enhances
c.
inhibits
c. inhibits
31
Vitamin D deficiency leads to ____________ in adults.
Select one:
a.
Scurvy
b.
Wilson's disease
c.
Rickets
d.
Menkes disease
e.
Osteomalacia
e. Osteomalacia
32
Which two vitamins are involved in bone mineralization? Please select ONE (1) answer.
Select one:
a.
Vitamin D and Vitamin E
b.
Vitamin A and Vitamin D
c.
Vitamin D and Vitamin K
d.
Biotin and Vitamin D
e.
Thiamin and Vitamin D
c. Vitamin D and Vitamin K
33
This infant suffers from acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare genetic disorder affecting the uptake of this mineral.
a.
Copper
b.
Zinc
c.
Selenium
d.
Manganese
e.
Iron
f.
Molybdenum
g.
Iodine
h.
Chromium
i.
Silicon
b. Zinc
34
This anti-inflammatory herb is used in the prevention of nausea and motion sickness.
Select one:
```
a.
Zingiber officinale (ginger)
```
b.
Ginkgo biloba
```
c.
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root)
```
a. Zingiber officinale (ginger)
35
Deficiency of vitamin C may lead to
Select one:
a.
Scurvy
b.
Osteomalacia
c.
Pellagra
d.
Beri-beri
e.
Rickets
a. Scurvy
36
As explained in the lecture recording/handouts, in an iron-deficient individual, who has no inflammation, infection, or similar condition that might affect iron laboratory assays, serum ferritin and transferrin receptor levels will
Select one:
a.
both increase
b.
decrease and increase, respectively
c.
increase and decrease, respectively
d.
both decrease
b. decrease and increase, respectively
37
Compared to folate, the natural form of the B vitamin, folic acid, the synthetic form of the B vitamin, has a ______________ bioavailability.
a.
similar
b.
higher
c.
lower
b. higher
38
This herb can be used for hypoadrenalism, chronic fatigue syndrome, and peptic ulcers, among other conditions.
Select one:
```
a.
Zingiber officinale (ginger)
```
```
b.
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root)
```
c.
Gingko biloba
b. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root)
39
The bioavailability of ____ , present in supplements and____, is almost twice as high as that of ____, present in____.
Select one:
a.
Folic acid; green leafy vegetables; folate; fortified foods
b.
Folate; fortified foods; folic acid; green leafy vegetables
c.
Folate; green leafy vegetables; folic acid; fortified foods
d.
Folic acid; fortified foods; folate; green leafy vegetables
d. Folic acid; fortified foods; folate; green leafy vegetables
40
True or False? Micronutrients (both vitamins and minerals) require enzymatic digestion prior to absorption very much like macronutrients (i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrates). In other words, micronutrients cannot be absorbed if they are not broken down first by digestive enzymes.
Select one:
True
False
False
41
Humans can endogenously produce vitamin C from _________________.
Select one:
a.
aspartic acid
b.
none
c.
glutamic acid
d.
glucose
b. none
42
Physical examination of a patient reveals angular stomatitis (i.e., cheilosis). Angular stomatitis is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin? Hint: one of the coenzyme forms of this vitamin is FAD.
cheilosis
Select one:
a.
Vitamin B6
b.
Niacin
c.
Pantothenic acid
d.
Biotin
e.
Folic acid/folate
f.
Vitamin B12
g.
Riboflavin
h.
Thiamine
g. Riboflavin
43
Supplementation with this particular B vitamin may mask the laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency by correcting anemia. However, the neurological manifestations characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency continue to progress. Hint - the B vitamin is particularly important during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Select one:
a.
Pantothenic acid
b.
Vitamin B6
c.
Vitamin B12
d.
Folic acid/folate
e.
Biotin
f.
Riboflavin
g.
Thiamine
h.
Niacin
d. Folic acid/folate
44
Candida albicans and other Candida species cause which of the following? Please select ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a. Loss of memory
b. Menstrual disorders
c. A state of drunkenness following a carbohydrate-rich meal
d. Leaky gut
e. Depression
All of them
a. Loss of memory
b. Menstrual disorders
c. A state of drunkenness following a carbohydrate-rich meal
d. Leaky gut
e. Depression
45
You need to assess iron status in a patient. While a combination of tests certainly provides a more accurate picture of iron status than a single test, you need to pick use one to reduce costs. The test that you would use because it is quite specific and is not affected by disease/inflammation is
Select one:
a.
None
b.
Plasma transferrin receptor level test
c.
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin level test
d.
Hemoglobin level test
e.
Serum ferritin level test
b.Plasma transferrin receptor level test
46
Cellular uptake of magnesium increases when consumed with this B vitamin. Hint: this B vitamin plays a role in amino acid metabolism.
Select one:
a.
Vitamin B12
b.
Niacin
c.
Folic acid/folate
d.
Thiamine
e.
Biotin
f.
Vitamin B6
g.
Pantothenic acid
h.
Riboflavin
f. Vitamin B6
47
These three water-soluble vitamins regulate homocysteine levels in the body.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Niacin
b.
Biotin
c.
Vitamin B12
d.
Vitamin B6
e.
Riboflavin
f.
Folic acid/folate
g.
Thiamine
h.
Pantothenic acid
c. Vitamin B12
d. Vitamin B6
f. Folic acid/folate
48
Due to its action in the body, which *one* of the following drugs is likely to affect the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K (all fat-soluble vitamins)?
Select one:
a.
Bile acid sequestrants
b.
Glucocorticoids
c.
Isotretinoin
d.
Warfarin
a. Bile acid sequestrants
49
This antioxidant compound, often used in treating acetaminophen overdose, serves as a precursor to glutathione, a powerful endogenous antioxidant.
Select one:
a.
Carnitine
b.
N-acetylcysteine
c.
Coenzyme Q10
d.
Azelaic acid
e.
Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
f.
Alpha-lipoic acid
g.
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe)
h.
Betaine
i.
Acetyl-L-carnitine
b. N-acetylcysteine
50
Compared to a low-fat meal, a high-fat meal ___________________ the absorption of fatty acids.
a.
enhances
b.
has no effect on
c.
inhibits
a. enhances
51
Which entity/organization establishes the DRIs (dietary reference intakes), which include the RDAs, AIs, ULs, and EARs?
Select one:
a.
Institute of Medicine (IOM; now known as the National Academy of Medicine or NAM)
b.
US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
c.
Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI)
d.
National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA)
e.
National Institute of Health (NIH)
f.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
g.
World Health Organization (WHO)
h.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND; formerly known as the American Dietetic Association or ADA)
a. Institute of Medicine (IOM; now known as the National Academy of Medicine or NAM)
52
Which one of the following statements defines the concept of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)?
Select one:
a.
The average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 100% of healthy individuals.
b.
The average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy and unhealthy individuals.
c.
The average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals.
d.
The average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 100% of healthy and unhealthy individuals.
c. The average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals.
53
The type of fiber that reduces cholesterol is __________________.
Select one:
```
a.
Soluble fiber (e.g., pectin, gums, and certain hemicelluloses)
```
```
b.
Insoluble fiber (e.g., cellulose, lignin, and certain hemicelluloses)
```
c.
None
```
a.
Soluble fiber (e.g., pectin, gums, and certain hemicelluloses)
```
54
Which cooking method leads to the lowest formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)?
Select one:
a.
Microwaving
b.
Broiling
c.
Frying
d.
Baking
e.
Steaming
e.
| Steaming
55
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are reference values for nutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals). DRIs include the RDAs, AIs, ULs, and EARs. The RDA of flavonoids is
Select one:
a.
30 mg/day
b.
None of the answers provided
c.
60 mg/day
d.
15 mg/day
e.
5 mg/day
b.
| None of the answers provided
56
Which one the following is likely to increase non-heme iron absorption in a meal?
Select one:
a.
Coffee
b.
Oolong tea
c.
Milk
d.
Orange juice
e.
Soy milk
d.
| Orange juice
57
The soil content of this mineral is very low in China and certain parts of Russia. As a result, individuals in these areas suffered from Keshan disease back in the 1970s. However, the Dakotas have the highest levels of this micronutrient.
Select one:
a.
Zinc
b.
Copper
c.
Iodine
d.
Selenium
d.
| Selenium
58
The organs that play a role in the conversion of vitamin D3 into 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, the active form of the vitamin, include the following. Please choose all that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Pancreas
b.
Intestines
c.
Spleen
d.
Liver
e.
Kidneys
d.
Liver
e.
Kidneys
59
True or False? Beta-carotene might increase the hepatotoxic effects of ethanol in individuals who consume large volumes of alcohol.
True
60
Reactive hypoglycemia is caused by which conditions? Please select THREE (3) answers.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Low thyroid function
b.
High gluconeogenic activity
c.
High thyroid function
d.
Hypoinsulinemia
e.
Hyperinsulinemia
f.
Low gluconeogenic activity
a. Low thyroid function
e. Hyperinsulinemia
f. Low gluconeogenic activity
61
This herb enhances arterial and capillary blood flow and increases brain activity.
Select one:
a.
Ginkgo biloba
```
b.
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root)
```
```
c.
Zingiber officinale (ginger)
```
a.
| Ginkgo biloba
62
This amino acid, which is metabolized to homocysteine, may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Select one:
a.
L-Lysine
b.
L-Methionine
c.
L-Tyrosine
d.
L-Glutamine
e.
L-Tryptophan
f.
Phenylalanine
g.
L-Arginine
b.
| L-Methionine
63
The requirements of this B vitamin increase with increasing dietary protein intakes because it plays an important role in amino acid metabolism.
Select one:
a.
Niacin
b.
Biotin
c.
Folic acid/folate
d.
Vitamin B12
e.
Pantothenic acid
f.
Riboflavin
g.
Vitamin B6
h.
Vitamin B1
g.
| Vitamin B6
64
This is the first and most reversible symptom of vitamin A deficiency.
Select one:
a.
Poor cell differentiation
b.
Xerophthalmia or dry eye
c.
Bitot’s spots
d.
Night blindness
e.
Poor growth
d.
| Night blindness
65
Pellagra is known as the 3Ds because it results in which one of these clusters of conditions?
Select one:
a.
Diarrhea, depression, and diabetes
b.
Diabetes, dementia, and diarrhea
c.
Depression, dentophobia, and diabetes
d.
Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
e.
Diabetes, dementia, and dengue fever
d.
| Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
66
Which of the following statements are correct regarding vitamin D synthesis in humans? Please select ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Pre-vitamin D3 is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol and UV light
b.
Sun-block limits vitamin D3 synthesis
c.
Pollution is a risk factor of vitamin D3 deficiency
d.
With increasing age, vitamin D3 synthesis increases
e.
Obesity is a risk factor of vitamin D3 deficiency
Everything except D
a. Pre-vitamin D3 is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol and UV light
b. Sun-block limits vitamin D3 synthesis
c. Pollution is a risk factor of vitamin D3 deficiency
e. Obesity is a risk factor of vitamin D3 deficiency
67
The absorption of carotenoids is _______________ from processed foods (e.g., tomato soup, tomato paste) than from raw foods (e.g., tomato).
a.
about the same
b.
lower
c.
higher
c.
| higher
68
True or False? Individuals with very high Fe levels (e.g., hemochromatosis, a genetic disease in which the individual tends to absorb more Fe than normal) are more susceptible to infections than individuals without this genetic disease.
True
69
Garlic, oregano oil, caprylic acid, fluconazole, and Nystatin may be used alone or in combination to treat
Select one:
a.
Urticaria due to BHA/BHT
b.
Hypersensitivity to benzoates
c.
Candida-related complex
d.
Urticaria due to sulfites
e.
Urticaria due to tartrazine
c.
| Candida-related complex
70
A patient has vitamin B12 deficiency and hypochlorhydria. However, his gastric cells produce ample levels of IF (instrinsic factor) and pepsinogen. The simplest and most effective method to restore vitamin B12 status in this patient is to
Select one:
a.
Consume seaweed and fermented soy (contain vitamin B12 analogues)
b.
Consume more eggs, liver, meat, poultry, and dairy products (all rich in vitamin B12)
c.
Chew and swallow vitamin B12 tablets with water
d.
Get monthly injections of vitamin B12
c.
Chew and swallow vitamin B12 tablets with water
There is no need for vitamin B12 injections, because the patient produces ample levels of IF. As reported in Chapter 20 ("Dosage and administration"), chewing the vitamin B12 supplement increases serum vitamin B12 levels to a much greater extent than swallowing the table whole with water.
71
The concentrations of this amino acid, which is the preferred source of fuel for enterocytes and plays an important role in maintaining the small-intestinal cell mucosa, can be reduced by emotional stress, diarrhea, and cancer. It is also favored by Candida species and other microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to eradicate these microorganisms prior to supplementing with this amino acid.
Select one:
a.
Glutamine
b.
Phenylalanine
c.
Lysine
d.
Arginine
e.
Tyrosine
f.
Methionine
g.
Cysteine
a.
| Glutamine
72
Compared to non-smokers, smokers should consume
Select one:
a.
Less vitamin C and more beta carotene
b.
Less vitamin C and less beta carotene
c.
More vitamin C and less beta carotene
d.
More vitamin C and more beta carotene
c.
| More vitamin C and less beta carotene
73
True or False? Assume five cooking oils have the exact same smoke point. The higher the percentage of PUFAs (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids) in an oil, the more suitable the oil for high temperature cooking.
False
74
______________ has cholesterol-lowering effects.
a.
None
b.
Nicotinamide (also called niacinamide)
```
c.
Nicotinic acid (also called niacin)
```
```
c.
Nicotinic acid (also called niacin)
```
75
Dietary sources of beta carotene include... Please choose all that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Yellow, orange, and red peppers
b.
Carrots
c.
Butternut squash
d.
Liver
e.
Sweet potatoes
Everything except D. liver
a. Yellow, orange, and red peppers
b. Carrots
c. Butternut squash
e. Sweet potatoes
76
True or False? Free amino acids (i.e., not bound in protein) do not require any chemical or enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract prior to absorption.
True
77
True or False? The effect of cholesterol-containing foods on cardiovascular diseases may depend as much or more on how foods are prepared as on the amount of cholesterol they contain.
True
78
Which of the following conditions may negatively affect the absorption of vitamin B12 from supplements? Hint - supplemental vitamin B12 (unlike dietary vitamin B12) is not bound to protein. Remember that a certain factor is always required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, regardless of its source. Please select ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Loss of parietal cells (parietal cells produce HCL and intrinsic factor)
```
b.
Total gastrectomy (the removal of all of the stomach)
```
c.
Loss of chief cells (chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin by HCL. Both pepsin and HCL denature protein and peptides)
d.
No secretion of intrinsic factor
```
e.
Partial gastrectomy (the removal of part of the stomach)
```
Everything except C.
a. Loss of parietal cells (parietal cells produce HCL and intrinsic factor)
b. Total gastrectomy (the removal of all of the stomach)
d. No secretion of intrinsic factor
e. Partial gastrectomy (the removal of part of the stomach)
For proper absorption, supplemental and dietary vitamin B12 require the presence of IF, which is produced and secreted by parietal cells in the stomach. Therefore, any condition that affects IF production/secretion, will affect vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine.
Unlike supplemental vitamin B12, dietary vitamin B12 also requires the presence of HCl. In foods, vitamin B12 is bound to protein. HCl will denature the vitamin B12-protein complex and release the vitamin.
79
The absorption of iron from beef, poultry, and fish (i.e., __________ iron) is not significantly affected by nutrient components. However, the absorption of __________ iron is mainly affected by polyphenols and soy, its two main inhibitors. (Please fill in the four blanks).
Select one:
a.
heme; non-heme
b.
non-heme; non-heme
c.
non-heme; heme
d.
heme; heme
a.
| heme; non-heme
80
Bottom line- the optimum cooking method and cookware is:
Select one:
a.
Cook at low temperatures/long time in aluminum cookware.
b.
Cook at low temperatures/long time in stainless steel cookware.
c.
Cook at high temperatures/short time in stainless steel cookware.
d.
Cook at high temperatures/short time in aluminum cookware.
b.
| Cook at low temperatures/long time in stainless steel cookware.
81
Which of the following are sources of cholesterol (NOT of cholesterol-like products like phytosterol)? Please choose ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a. Avocados
b. Nuts
c. Pistachios
d. Lard
e. Chicken breast
f. Shrimp
g. Almonds
h. Cashews
i. Salmon
j. Roast beef
k. Grated cheese
l. Butter
m. Margarine
n. Clams
o. Corn oil
p. Peanut oil
q. Shredded wheat cereal
r. Peanut butter
s. Eggs
t. Corn
u. Banana
v. Shredded coconut
w. Almond butter
```
D.Lard
E.Chicken breast
F.Shrimp
I.Salmon
J.Roast beef
K.Grated cheese
L.Butter
N.Clams
S.Eggs
```
82
Methods to reduce CRP levels include __________. Please choose ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Consuming fruits and vegetables
b.
Abstaining 100% from coffee consumption
c.
Abstaining 100% from alcohol consumption
d.
Consuming a low glycemic index diet
e.
Consuming a Mediterranean diet
a. Consuming fruits and vegetables
d. Consuming a low glycemic index diet
e. Consuming a Mediterranean diet
83
Homocysteine levels may be reduced by which of following nutrients and/or compounds? Please choose ALL that apply.
*There will be a 10% penalty for each incorrect answer.
Select one or more:
a.
Folic acid
b.
Vitamin B6
c.
Vitamin B12
d.
Niacin
e.
N-Acetylcysteine
f.
Choline
a.
Folic acid
b.
Vitamin B6
c.
Vitamin B12
84
________________ is more effective at reducing cholesterol levels than ________________.
Select one:
a.
Soluble fiber; insoluble fiber
b.
Insoluble fiber; soluble fiber
c.
none of these answers are correct
a.
| Soluble fiber; insoluble fiber
85
True or False? The negative effects of cholesterol on atherosclerosis are mainly attributed to high dietary cholesterol intakes rather than to the way cholesterol-containing foods are cooked/prepared.
False
86
Kidney transplant patients might suffer from vitamin D insufficiency because they are advised to
a. limit sun exposure
b. consume a vitamin D-poor diet
c. consume a calcium-poor diet
d. none of these answers are correct
a. limit sun exposure
87
True or False? Kidney transplant patients might suffer from vitamin D insufficiency because they are advised to limit sun exposure.
True
88
Which of the following factors might contribute to anemia and/or hemolytic anemia in patients with renal disorders? Please choose ALL that apply.
Select one or more:
a. Increased Fe losses associated with regular hemodialysis
b. Low vitamin E status (vitamin E protects membranes against oxidation)
c. Diminished synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced by renal cells that simulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
d. Decreased animal protein intake
All of the above
89
Chronic glomerulonephritis may contribute to which vitamin deficiency?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
b. Vitamin D
90
Which one of the following supplement combinations might prevent the formation of calcium-based kidney stones?
To answer this question, please refer to the "Renal diseases and interventions" handout (Extra Handouts folder).
a. Folic acid + Vit B6
b. Mg + Vit B12
c. Mg + Vit B6
d. Ca + Vit B12
e. Glutamic acid + Vit B6
c. Mg + Vit B6
91
Both Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s disease are autoimmune disorders. Graves’ disease is similar to __________ ; Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is similar to ___________.
Select one:
a.
Hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism
b.
Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
c.
Hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism
d.
Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
d. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
92
Patients with hypoadrenalism tend to have or experience
Select one:
a.
Increased energy
b.
Reactive hypoglycemia
c.
Hyperglycemia
d.
Normal/high levels of serum cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
e.
Normal/high levels of serum aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
b. Reactive hypoglycemia
93
```
The Atkins (27% protein), Zone (30% protein), and other similar high protein diets are ________________for diabetic patients.
Select one:
```
a.
recommended
b.
not recommended
c.
none of these answers are correct
b. not recommended
94
Localized scurvy in diabetics with adequate or high vitamin C intakes may be attributed to _________.
Select one or more:
a.
Increased vitamin C elimination via urine
b.
Inadequate cellular uptake of vitamin C
c.
Low vitamin C intakes
d.
Competition between vitamin C and glucose for cellular uptake
B. Inadequate cellular uptake of vitamin C
| D. Competition between vitamin C and glucose for cellular uptake
95
True or False? The protective effect of certain teas on diabetes mellitus is in part attributed to their polyphenol content.
True
96
```
The statements "A condition characterized by degeneration of cartilage, which can result in pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Possibly due to aging, trauma, repetitive joint use, and congenital defects, among others" best describe
Select one:
a. Ankylosing spondylitis
b. Behcet's disease
c. Dermatomyositis
d. Fibromyalgia
e. Gout
f. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
g. Osteoarthritis
h. Polymyositis
i. Psoriatic arthritis
j. Rheumatoid arthritis
k. Scleroderma
l. Sjogren's syndrome
m. Systemic lupus erythematosus
n. Vasculitis
```
G. Osteoarthritis
97
The statements "A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of acute arthritis resulting from the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. The big toe is the most characteristic sign" best describe
Select one:
a. Ankylosing spondylitis
b. Fibromyalgia
c. Gout
d. Juvenile RA
e. Osteoarthritis
f Rheumatoid arthritis
g. Polymyositis
h. Psoriatic arthritis
i. Scleroderma
j. Sjogren’s syndrome
k. Vasculitis
l. Systemic lupus erythematosus
m. Dermatomyositis
n. Behçet’s disease
C. Gout
98
True or False? Dr. Gaby discourages us from using copper bracelets as a possible remedy for rheumatoid arthritis.
False
99
Certain food additives (e.g., monosodium glutamate and aspartame) _______________ fibromyalgia symptoms.
Select one:
a.
might increase
b.
might decrease
c.
none of these answers are correct
A. Might increase
100
Examples of nightshades include _____________. Please choose ALL that apply.
a. peppers
b. wheat
c. cherries
d. tobacco
e. eggplants
f. corn
g. potatoes
h. tomatoes
```
A. peppers
D. tobacco
E. eggplants
G. potatoes
H. tomatoes
```
