Week 2 Flashcards by Beck Forsland

What drugs do to the body

Pharmacodynamics

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What the body does to drugs

Pharmacokinetics

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30% of elderly population use more than 5 prescription medications, this is called

Polypharmacy

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Most drugs are physiological poisons, which impair normal functions and are adverse to health. This is called

Toximolecular

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Drug absorption depends on

Physical form
Particle size
pH of GI that
Solubility in fats

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Nutrient absorption depends on

Ease of digestibility by enzymes

GI secretions

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Drugs effect nutrients by altering (4)

Food intake
Nutrient absorption
Nutrient metabolism
Nutrient excretion

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Specific drug-nutrient interactions

…there are many of them…

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An organic compound obtained via the diet, needed to maintain cellular metabolic integrity

Vitamin

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A non-protein organic compound that is required for function of specific enzymes

Coenzyme

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Most important B vitamin for pregnant women

Folate

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Food sources of folate

Leafy green vegetables
Fruits
Beans
Peas

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Deficiencies in vitamin b12 or folate may result in

Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia

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Adequate folate before and immediately during pregnancy protects against

Neural tube defects

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The Neural tube is the embryo’s precursor to the

Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

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High ____ levels are associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease

Homocysteine

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3 vitamins regulate Homocysteine in the body

Folic acid
Vitamin b6
Vitamin b12

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Vitamin involved in AA/protein metabolism

Vitamin b6

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Three forms of vit b6

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

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Food sources of vit b6

Liver
Legumes
Whole grains
Lentils
Nuts
Avocados
Bananas
Potatoes

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Vitamin that requires intrinsic factor (IF) for absorption

Vitamin b12, cobalamin

IF is secreted in the stomach, so anyone who has had a gastrictomy is vulnerable to vit b12 deficiency

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Vitamin b12 is also called

Cobalamin

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Vitamin b12 food sources

Meat
Meat products
Poultry
Fish 
Shellfish
Eggs

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Deficiency of this vitamin causes pellagra

Niacin or vitamin b3

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vitamin b3 is also called

Niacin

Food sources of vitamin b3

``` Cereals Legumes Oilseeds Meat Chicken Fish Diary products Beverages: coffee and tea ```

Pellagra (3 Ds)

Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia

What is the yellow b vitamin?

Vit b2 or riboflavin

Vitamin b2 is also called

riboflavin

riboflavin food sources

``` Meat Fish Poultry Dairy Eggs Legumes Green leafy vegetables Fruits Grains ```

riboflavin b2 deficiency

``` Impaired growth Dermatitis Soreness or burning of lips Glossitis Weakness Decreased visual function Anemia Neuropathy Burning/itching eyes ```

Deficiency of this b vitamin causes beriberi

Thiamin or vit b1

vit b1 is also called

Thiamin

Vit b1 or Thiamin food sources

Cereal Nuts Meat Legumes

Beriberi

``` Mental confusion Anorexia Muscular weakness Edema Muscle wasting Tachycardia Enlarged heart ``` Means “I can’t, I can’t” in Singhalese

Raw eggs affect absorption of this b vitamin

Biotin or vit b7

Food sources of biotin, vit b7

``` Yeast Liver Organ meats Soybeans Rice bran Peanut and almond butter Egg yolk Cauliflower ```

Deficiency of vit b7, biotin has been observed in consumers of raw eggs because raw eggs contain avidin, avidin is a protein that binds biotin. Cooking eggs denatures avidin. Sx of deficiency:

``` Dermatitis Increased skins dryness Mental depression Muscle pain Nausea Anorexia Hypercholesterolemia ```

Pathothenic acid is also

Vit b5

Sources of pathothenic acid, vit b5

``` Liver Egg yolk Broccoli Yeast Fish Shellfish Chicken Milk Yogurt Legumes Mushrooms Avocados Sweet potatoes Whole grains ```

pathothenic acid, vit b5 is lost with

Freezing, canning foods and the processing and refining of grains

pathothenic acid, vit b5 deficiency

Is rare

Deficiency of this vit causes scurvy

Vit c

What do these vitamins have in common? ``` Thiamin, b1 Riboflavin, b2 Niacin, b3 Pathothenic acid, b5 Vit b6, pyridoxine etc Biotin, b7 Folate, b9 Cobalamin, b12 Ascorbic acid, vit c ```

Water soluble vitamins

What do these vitamins hav in common? Vit a Vit d Vit e Vit k

Fat soluble vitamins

Deficiency in this vitamin leads to blindness

Vitamin a

Vitamin a forms include:

Retinoids | Carotenoids

Deficiency in vit A can cause

Night blindness because there is a delay in the regeneration of rhodopsin (because there isn’t enough retinal to join opsin) This is a reversible symptom of vit A def

Adverse effects of vitamin A supplementation

Cancer? in smokers Hepatotoxicity? in alcoholics Osteoporosis? in animal models at least Birth defects

Vitamin d2 is also called

Ergocalciferol

Vit d3 is called

Cholecalciferol

25(OH) vit d3; 25-hydroxyl-vitamin d3; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is called

Calcidiol

1,25(OH)2 vit d3: 1,25-I’d hydro you-vit d3 is called

Calcitriol

Vitamin d food sources

``` Eggs Liver Butter Fatty fish Milk Margarine ```

From the sun, vit D is formed in this way:

7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to UV light, becomes pre-vitamin D3. Pre-vit d3 is converted to vit d3 Vit d3 diffuses from skin into blood where it binds to vit d binding protein

Active form of vit d

1,25(OH)2 vit d3

The active form of vit d (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3) functions to maintain normal __ levels in the blood

Calcium

When Ca levels fall in the kidney, vitamin D3

stimulates reabsorption of Ca

When Ca levels fall in the intestine vitamin D3

stimulates absorption of Ca

When Ca levels fall in the bone, vitamin D3

stimulates the release of Ca into blood along with PTH (parathyroid hormone)

When Ca levels rise in the bone, vit d3

Stimulates deposition of Ca with aid of calcitonin

When Ca levels fall, PTH is produced and release by

Parathyroid gland Kidney: 1. PTH stimulates synthesis of more 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 2. PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca Bone: PTH stimulates release of Ca into blood with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3

Vitamin D deficiency (3)

Rickets (bowed bone) Osteomalacia (soft bone) Osteoporosis (porous bone)

How to assess vitamin D status

Measure 25(OH)vitamin d3 in the blood

Adverse effects of vit D:

Hypercalcemia? Heart issues? Kidney stones?

What vitamin is a free radical scavenger

Vitamin E

What form of vitamin E has the most activity

Tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)

Vitamin E works with what other vitamin

Vit C Antioxidant capacity of vit E can be restored/recycled by vit C

Increased polyunsaturated fatty acid [increases/decreases] need for vitamin E

Increases

Vit E deficiency is rare. Sx:

RBC rupture leading to anemia

Toxicity of vitamin E

Large doses can inhibit blood clotting by interfering with the action of vitamin K

Synthetic forms of vitamin E are labed

“dl” Natural forms are labeled “d” e.g. d-alpha tocopherol

What vitamin is involved in coagulation?

Vitamin k

50% of vit k is derived from what organ?

colon

Functions of vitamin k

``` Blood clotting (prothrombin and fibrin) Bone mineralization ```

Tx for vitamin K toxicity is the administration of

Dicumarol or Warfarin, anticoagulants

Week 2 Flashcards

(76 cards)