Week 3 Flashcards by Beck Forsland

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride are all

Macrominerals

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Macrominerals are required in amounts of

> 100 mg/day

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Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, nickel, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, born, cobalt are

Microminerals

Aka trace elements

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Microminerals are required in amounts

<100 mg/day

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Minerals constitute approx __% of total body weight

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T/F micronutrients require enzymes for absorption

False. Macronutrients (protein, fat, carb) do though.

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Absorption of minerals takes place in the

Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

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The absorption of minerals is affected by (3)

GI pH

Food components in the diet

Mineral-mineral interactions (evident in supplemental form)

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Calcium absorption is enhanced by (2)

Lactose

Vitamin D

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Calcium absorption is inhibited by (3)

Fiber
Phytate
Fatty acids

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Iron absorption is enhanced by (2)

Vitamin C

Meat

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Iron absorption is inhibited by (5)

Fiber
Phytate
Tannins (tea)
Oxalate (spinach)
Proteins (soy protein, egg protein, casein)

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Zinc absorption is inhibited by

Fiber
Phytate
Tannins (tea)
Oxalate (spinach)

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What mineral participants in the following functions:
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction
Synthesis of hormones and enzymes
Mineralization of bones
Blood clotting

Calcium

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Insufficient serum calcium levels contribute to increased PTH and calcitriol, which

Demineralization bone tissue = osteoporosis

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3 or ones regulate calcium

Parathyroid hormone
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3
Calcitonin

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Parathyroid hormone is produced in the

Parathyroid gland

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1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 AKA calcitriol is synthesized in the

Kidneys

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Calcitonin is produced by

Thyroid gland

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1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 AKA

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D

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Plasma calcium falls below 10mg/100 ml what happens?

PT gland secretes PTH

PTH acts on kidney to form Calcitriol; Calcitriol stimulates kidney to conserve Ca
PTH acts on bone to stimulate mobilization of Ca away from bone (and keep in plasma)

Calcitriol acts on intestine
1. Stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca

Calcitriol acts on bones
1. Mobilizes calcium away from bone

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Plasma calcium rise above 10mg/100 ml what happens?

Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, deposit Ca on bone tissue

Calcitriol deposits Ca on bone tissue

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__ deficiency is most prevalent micronutrient def in the world

Iron

Followed by: vit A, iodine, zinc

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2 forms of iron

Heme iron (animal foods)
Non-heme iron (fortified and plant foods)

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Storage form of Fe in body is called

Ferritin

What is the iron receptor name?

Transferrin receptor - the more tfR on a cell body, the more iron deficient

What plays a role in growth and immunity?

Zinc

Zn deficiency

Growth failure Eczema, rashes, acrodermatitis enterohepatica Susceptibility to infections Complications during childbirth

___ is the storage form of Fe, ___ is the storage form of Zn

Ferritin; metallothionein

metallothionein is rich in what amino acid

Cysteine

What mineral participates in these reactions: collagen synthesis, melanin synthesis, cytochromes in respiratory chain, neurotransmitter synthesis

Copper (Cu)

What is Cu storage in tissues?

Ceruloplasmin

What genetic disorder involves Cu accumulating in tissues (excess)

Wilson’s disease

Wilson’s disease Sx

Psychiatric sx, liver disease

Genetic disorder that affects Cu levels in body, leading to Cu deficiency

Menkes disease

Menkes disease Sx

``` Sparse and coarse hair Growth failure Deterioration of the nervous system “Kinky hair disease” Results in death before age 3 ```

Iodine forms 2 hormones that are synthesized by thyroid gland

T4, T3

90% of hormone released by thyroid gland is

T3 and T4 are involved in the following processes (7)

Protein synthesis Bone growth Neuronal maturation Cell differentiation Regulation of protein, carb, fat metabolism Regulation of vitamin metabolism Increases electron transport chain activity

When serum T4 is low, pituitary gland secretes

TSH which enlarges thyroid gland

When serum T4 is normal or high,

TSH secretion stops

The pituitary gland is affected by what ?

Hypothalamus secretes TRH which enhances synthesis and release of TSH by the pituitary

Iodine deficiency is the most important cause of (2)

``` Brain damage Mental retardation (cretinism = irreversible form of mental retardation) ```

What mineral is incorporated into proteins?

Selenium E.g. glutathione peroxidase, methionine R sulfoxide

Food sources of selenium

Meat Seafood Nuts Dependent on soil content

Atoms or molecules with an imbalance of electrons are called

Free radicals

What can attack DNA, proteins, and PUFAs?

Free radicals

What protects from free radical attacks?

Antioxidants

Micronutrient antioxidants

``` Fe Selenium Vitamin C Zinc Copper and manganese Vitamin E Beta carotene Carotenoids ```

Why do mineral deficiencies occur? (5)

1. Lack of consumption 2. High consumption of foods that inhibit absorption (e.g. phytate, goitrogens) 3. Poor consumption fo foods that enhance absorption (e.g. citrus fruits, lactose, vitamin D, low meat consumption) 4. Disease, infection 5. Stages of life (higher needs of minerals, increased mineral loss, decreased capacity to synth minerals)

Adding nutrients lost during food processing methods is called E.g. adding B vitamins to cereal grains because during milling some B vitamins present in the bran are lost

Enrichment

Adding nutrients to foods that naturally do not contain those nutrients is called E.g. adding vitamin A and D to milk; iodine to salt; iron to milk

Fortification

What is bio-fortification?

Fortifying crops with minerals Breeding plants with increasing levels of components Breed plants with decreased levels of inhibiting components

What mineral maintains fluid balance, nerve transmission/impulse conduction, muscle contraction?

Sodium Deficiency = excessive sweating

Food sources of magnesium?

``` Coffee Tea Cocoa Nuts Legumes Whole grains ```

How to assess magnesium status?

Renal excretion before and after administration of Mg load

Food sources of potassium

Unprocessed foods Some fruits and vegetables Legumes, nuts, seeds

Kyperkalemia

High serum potassium | Can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest

Hypo kale Mia

Low serum potassium | Can lead to muscular weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, hyper calcium is, mental disorientation

How to assess potassium

Plasma K concentrations

Food sources of phosphorus

Meat, poultry, fish Eggs Plants

Chloride food sources

Salt Eggs Fresh meat Seafood

Chromium food sources

Meat, fish, poultry | Whole grains

Manganese interacts with (2)

Iron (inhibit each other) | Calcium (Ca decreases Mn absorption)

Food sources molybdenum

Legumes Meat, fish, poultry Grains

Week 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)