R2; L5-L6

Question 1

What are the type of tactile receptors? Which ones are superficial? Deep? Slow adaptive? Fast adaptive?

Answer 1

Meissner and merkal disks are superficial

Meissner/pacinian corpuscles are fast adapting

Merkal and ruffini and slow adapting

Question 2

Explain “Tau”

Answer 2

The rate of change of an objects size in reflecting on the retina predicts time of contact

Question 3

What other factor is responsible (visually) for predicting time of contact?

Answer 3

External occular muscles, these contract to focus the lens of oncoming objects

Question 4

What are cones? What are rods?

Answer 4

Cones= feed colour, P-cells in parietal section of the brain (ventral stream)

Rods= feed M cells within the dorsal stream (black and white)

Question 5

What is the ventral pathway (LGN)?

Answer 5

This has more conscious decisions within the pathways, it tells you what youre seeing. For example, is the food rotten, fresh, etc. Information of an object is sent to the inferotemporal cortex visa ventral stream. Not good in low light. Detects colour.

Question 6

What is the dorsal pathway (Magni)?

Answer 6

This is the less conscious pathway, this is specialized for movement control and involves the entire field of vision (central/peripheral). This continuities to fine control of movement without awareness. (Also called ambient stream) black and white and detects depth

Question 7

What do the utricle and saccule do? What do each canal tend to?

Answer 7

The utricle and saccule detect gravity via the olitoth

Posterior Canal- head towards shoulders

Horizontal Canal- shaking your head no “Hell no”

Superior Canal- nodding head yes

Question 8

What are the intrafusal muscle fibres?

Answer 8

• These detect muscle length
• are bag or chains
• afferent Ia or II (Ia wraps around blue of fibre on all, II only attaches to second and third near the bottom shaft)

Question 9

What’s the difference between type Ia and II fibres?

Answer 9

Type Ia= detect dynamic motion

Type II= detect static motion

Question 10

What is muscle spindle quantity dependent upon?

Answer 10

The motor demands of the muscle. For example: fingers require more than the back since they’re constantly engaged and interacting

Question 11

____ neurons innervate extrafusal fibres, ____ neurons innervate intrafusal

Answer 11

Alpha, Gamma

Question 12

What is a reference of correctness?

Answer 12

This takes previous estimates of performance and expected information and estimates where in space it will be

Question 13

What kind of loop is the reference of correctness? What do the stages mean:

Executive:
Effector:
Reference of correctness:
Error signal:

Answer 13

Executive—> decision making about error
Effector—> carries out decisions by executive
Reference of correctness—> feedback is compared to define an error
Error signal—> information is acted on by executable

Question 14

What happens at the time on contact information?

Answer 14

Optic arrays pick up information about an objects position in the distance, angles change as it gets closer.

Question 15

What is sensory combination?

Answer 15

This is the interactions that occur between non redundant sensory signals. This takes information across a coordinate system into a single frame of reference.

Question 16

What is sensory integration?

Answer 16

This is interactions between now redundant signals. Integration occurs as a function of the reliability of each estimate.

Question 17

Why does vision tend to dominate sensory signals?

Answer 17

The CNS can construct important representations of the world, vision has been expressed to be the most valued

Question 18

Explain the temporal window of integration?

Answer 18

In a single event—> visual and auditory interactions occur together at a time span of =/- 100ms

Question 19

What is so important about the temporal window?

Answer 19

It maximizes the time period in which integration is going to occur and combine to one perception

Question 20

What’s the difference between fission and fusion?

Answer 20

Sound induced illusions of a second flash is fission

When the illusion flash isn’t reported to be seen this is fusion

Question 21

What is the posterior partial cortex?

Answer 21

This has been identified as a multi sensory hub. This facilities action since it has a direct projection to the pre motor cortex

Question 22

What is the difference between these skills:

Discrete 
Serial 
Continuous 
Open 
Closed

Answer 22

Discrete: have a definite start point and end point of a skill (shooting a puck, or jumping)

Serial: series of discrete skills put together to create a new skill (shooting and then catching a puck in hockey)

Continuous: skills that have no definite start or finish to the serial motions (such as swimming or running)

Open: skills that are in a constantly change in environment in which the skill has to adapt consistently (hockey, soccer, baseball, basketball)

Closed skill: skills that take place in a predictable environment and the performer knows what to expect and when (track, cross country, free throw in basketball)

Question 23

What is blindsight? Give an example

Answer 23

This is when a person can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them.

Example is blind guy in hallways avoiding objects without knowing they’re there.