Radio Theory Questions

Question 1

BASIC PRINCIPLES 1
Question: Wavelength is the distance from?
Options:
a) Wave crest to wave crest.
b) Trough to next wave crest.
c) The E and H fields superimposed onto the system reactance background scatter.
d) Wave crest to next trough.

Answer 1

Correct Answer:
a) Wave crest to wave crest.

⸻

Question 2

BASIC PRINCIPLES 2
Question: The emission characteristics A3E describe?
Options:
a) ILS.
b) VOR.
c) HF communications.
d) VHF communications.

Answer 2

Correct Answer:
d) VHF communications.

⸻

Question 3

BASIC PRINCIPLES 3
Question: Electromagnetic waves travel at?
Options:
a) The speed of sound.
b) 300,000 metres per second.
c) The speed of light.
d) 162,000 miles per hour.

Answer 3

Correct Answer:
c) The speed of light.

⸻

Question 4

BASIC PRINCIPLES 4
Question: In regard to radio what does the term frequency mean?
Options:
a) The number of waveform in one hour.
b) The number of complete waveform passing a point in one second.
c) The speed of radio waves in metres per second.
d) The length of a complete waveform in metres.

Answer 4

Correct Answer:
b) The number of complete waveform passing a point in one second.

⸻

Question 5

BASIC PRINCIPLES 5
Question: The Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Metric.
b) Decimetric.
c) Centimetric.
d) Hectometric or Kilometric.

Answer 5

Correct Answer:
d) Hectometric or Kilometric.

⸻

Question 6

BASIC PRINCIPLES 6
Question: According to ICAO Annex 10, in which frequency band(s) does a locator transmit?
Options:
a) HF.
b) LF/MF.
c) HF/VHF.
d) MF/HF.

Answer 6

Correct Answer:
b) LF/MF.

Question 7

BASIC PRINCIPLES 7
Question: The VHF Direction Finder uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Hectometric.
b) Decimetric.
c) Metric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 7

Correct Answer:
c) Metric.

⸻

Question 8

BASIC PRINCIPLES 8
Question: The Instrument Landing System (ILS) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Decimetric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 8

Correct Answer:
B) metric.

⸻

Question 9

BASIC PRINCIPLES 9
Question: The frequency band for the Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) is?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Decimetric.
d) Hectometric.

Answer 9

Correct Answer:
d) Hectometric.

⸻

Question 10

BASIC PRINCIPLES 10
Question: The Microwave Landing System (MLS) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Decimetric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 10

Correct Answer:
d) Centimetric.

⸻

Question 11

BASIC PRINCIPLES 11
Question: Into what range does ILS localiser wavelength fall?
Options:
a) Kilometric.
b) Metric.
c) Centimetric.
d) Millimetric.

Answer 11

Correct Answer:
b) Metric.

⸻

Question 12

BASIC PRINCIPLES 12
Question: A transmission of RF energy at a wavelength of 18 metres is in which frequency band?
Options:
a) MF.
b) LF.
c) HF.
d) VHF.

Answer 12

Correct Answer:
c) HF.

Question 13

BASIC PRINCIPLES 13
Question: The Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Hectometric.
b) Metric.

c) Decimetric.

d) Centimetric.

Answer 13

Correct Answer:

c) Decimetric.

Question 14

BASIC PRINCIPLES 14
Question: The VHF Omnirange (VOR) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Decimetric.
b) Metric.
c) Hectometric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 14

Correct Answer:
b) Metric.

Question 15

BASIC PRINCIPLES 15
Question: What is the wavelength of the ILS Localiser signal?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Decimetric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 15

Correct Answer:

b) Metric.

Question 16

BASIC PRINCIPLES 16
Question: What is the wavelength of a VOR?
Options:
a) Decimetric.
b) Hectometric.
c) Metric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 16

Correct Answer:
c) Metric.

Question 17

BASIC PRINCIPLES 17
Question: Frequency is defined as?
Options:
a) Number of complete cycles recurring in one unit of time.
b) Distance between a crest and a crest.
c) Number of complete cycles recurring in ten units of time.
d) Distance from node to peak value.

Answer 17

Correct Answer:
a) Number of complete cycles recurring in one unit of time.

Question 18

BASIC PRINCIPLES 19
Question: The Marker beacons use the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Hectometric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 18

Correct Answer:

b) Metric.

Question 19

BASIC PRINCIPLES 20
Question: The Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Myriametric.
b) Metric.
c) Decimetric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 19

Correct Answer:

c) Decimetric.

Question 20

BASIC PRINCIPLES 21
Question: The Low Altitude Radio Altimeter (RADALT) uses the following wavelength?
Options:
a) Decimetric.
b) Metric.
c) Myriametric.
d) Centimetric.

Answer 20

Correct Answer:

d) Centimetric.

Question 21

BASIC PRINCIPLES 22
Question: A radio transmitter modulator?
Options:
a) Tunes the receiver call capability.
b) Couples the RF signal to an aerial.
c) Superimposes an audio frequency signal (AF) onto a radio frequency signal (RF).
d) Automatically rescans dim signals.

Answer 21

Correct Answer:
c) Superimposes an audio frequency signal (AF) onto a radio frequency signal (RF).

Question 22

BASIC PRINCIPLES 27
Question: The VHF frequency band is in the?
Options:
a) 3 to 30 kHz range.
b) 30 to 300 kHz range.
c) 30 to 300 MHz range.
d) 300 to 3000 MHz range.

Answer 22

Correct Answer:
c) 30 to 300 MHz range.

Question 23

BASIC PRINCIPLES 30
Question: Decimetric waves correspond to a frequency of?
Options:
a) 3000 to 30000 kHz.
b) 300 to 3000 kHz.
c) 300 to 3000 MHz.
d) 3000 to 30,000 MHz.

Answer 23

Correct Answer:

c) 300 to 3000 MHz.

Question 24

BASIC PRINCIPLES 41
Question: The VHF frequency band has a wavelength limit of?
Options:
a) 100 m to 10 m.
b) 1 m to 100 cm.
c) 10 m to 1 m.
d) 100 cm to 10 cm.

Answer 24

Correct Answer:
c) 10 m to 1 m.

Question 25

BASIC PRINCIPLES 44 Question: The gain of an aerial is its ability to? Options: a) Focus power. b) Compensate for attenuation. c) Transmit intelligence. d) Overcome transmitter line resistance.

Answer 25

Correct Answer: b) Compensate for attenuation.

Question 26

BASIC PRINCIPLES 45 Question: A horizontally polarised electromagnetic wave? Options: a) Has the E field horizontal. b) Has the H field vertical. c) Has the E field vertical. d) Has the E field horizontal.

Answer 26

Correct Answer: a) Has the E field horizontal. ⸻

Question 27

BASIC PRINCIPLES 46 Question: Which of the following statements is correct in respect to an RF signal? Options: a) The plane of polarisation is defined by the conductor axis in the transmitter. b) The electrical component of the signal is parallel to the aerial. c) The magnetic component of the signal is parallel to the aerial. d) The direction of transmission and the magnetic component of the signal are always mutually at right angles.

Answer 27

Correct Answer: b) The electrical component of the signal is parallel to the aerial. ⸻

Question 28

BASIC PRINCIPLES 47 Question: The plane polarised aerial signal component would be best received by a? Options: a) Vertical. b) Horizontal. c) Magnetic. d) parabolic .

Answer 28

Correct Answer: a) Vertical.

Question 29

BASIC PRINCIPLES 48 Question: An electromagnetic wave has two types of energy fields? Options: a) An E electrical field and an F magnetic field. b) A Z electrical field and an L magnetic field. c) A Z magnetic field and an F electric field. d) An E electrical field and an H magnetic field.

Answer 29

Correct Answer: d) An E electrical field and an H magnetic field.

Question 30

BASIC PRINCIPLES 51 Question: What causes the so-called “night effect”? Options: a) The difference in velocity of the EM waves over land and over sea at night. b) A change in the direction of the plane of polarization due to reflection in the ionosphere. c) Interference between ground wave and space waves. d) The absence of the surface wave at distances longer than the skip distance.

Answer 30

Correct Answer: b) A change in the direction of the plane of polarization due to reflection in the ionosphere.

Question 31

BASIC PRINCIPLES 52 Question: A Doppler shift will occur if: Options: a) if a receiver is moving during reception of transmission from a fixed position transmitter. b) if a transmitter is moving during transmission to a fixed position transmitter c) when the distance between a transmitter and a receiver is changing during a transmission. d) All of the options are correct.

Answer 31

Correct Answer: d) All of the options are correct.

Question 32

BASIC PRINCIPLES 53 Question: An apparent increase in the transmitted frequency which is proportional to the transmitter velocity will occur when? Options: a) Both transmitter and receiver move towards each other. b) The transmitter moves away from the receiver. c) The transmitter moves towards the receiver. d) The receiver moves towards the transmitter.

Answer 32

Correct Answer: c) The transmitter moves towards the receiver.

Question 33

BASIC PRINCIPLES 54 Question: An apparent decrease in the transmitted frequency, which is proportional to the transmitter velocity, will occur when? Options: a) Both transmitter and receiver move away from each other. b) The transmitter moves away from the receiver. c) The transmitter moves towards the receiver. d) The transmitter and the receiver move towards each other.

Answer 33

Correct Answer: c) The transmitter moves towards the receiver.

Question 34

BASIC PRINCIPLES 55 Question: When a transmitter is moving towards a receiver, the correct description of Doppler effect is? Options: a) There is an increase in apparent wavelength, which is independent of transmitter velocity. b) There is a decrease in apparent wavelength, which is independent of transmitter velocity. c) There is an increase in apparent wavelength, which is dependent of transmitter velocity. d) There is a decrease in apparent wavelength, which is dependent of transmitter velocity.

Answer 34

Correct Answer: d) There is a decrease in apparent wavelength, which is dependent of transmitter velocity.

Question 35

BASIC PRINCIPLES 56 Question: Refraction of an electromagnetic radiation is? Options: a) Loss of power through reflection from objects. b) The bending of its propagation path as it passes through or over areas of different electrical conductivity. c) The loss of power as it passes through or over areas of different electrical conductivity. d) Bending resultant from reflection from objects.

Answer 35

Correct Answer: b) The bending of its propagation path as it passes through or over areas of different electrical conductivity.

Question 36

BASIC PRINCIPLES 57 Question: Which statement is true? Options: a) The lower the frequency the greater the ionospheric attenuation. b) The attenuation of an HF ground wave is worse over the land than over ice. c) The ionosphere will attenuate and refract signals up to 30 GHz. d) None of the above options are true.

Answer 36

Correct Answer: a) The lower the frequency the greater the ionospheric attenuation.

Question 37

BASIC PRINCIPLES 58 Question: Attenuation of radio waves means? Options: a) The weakening of radiated waves. b) The atmospheric bending of waves. c) Only the scattering of waves in the troposphere. d) Only the absorption of energy by the sea.

Answer 37

Correct Answer: a) The weakening of radiated waves.

Question 38

BASIC PRINCIPLES 59 Question: The term Doppler shift refers to? Options: a) The change in speed measured at the receiver. b) The change in angle measured at the receiver. c) The change in depression angle measured at the receiver. d) The change in frequency measured at the receiver.

Answer 38

Correct Answer: d) The change in frequency measured at the receiver.

Question 39

BASIC PRINCIPLES 60 Question: When an LF radio wave passes over the Earth’s surface it? Options: a) Speeds up, picks up electrons and becomes stronger. b) Slows down, picks up electrons and becomes stronger. c) Slows down and is attenuated. d) Speeds up and is attenuated.

Answer 39

Correct Answer: c) Slows down and is attenuated.

Question 40

BASIC PRINCIPLES 61 Question: To establish and maintain effective HF communication, frequency at a given range? Options: a) Should be decreased at night. b) Should be increased at night. c) Should remain constant. d) Should only be varied by season, decreased in summer and increased in winter.

Answer 40

Correct Answer: a) Should be decreased at night.

Question 41

BASIC PRINCIPLES 62 Question: Skip distance is the? Options: a) Thickness of the ionosphere. b) Highest critical frequency distance. c) Range from the transmitter to the first returning sky wave. d) Wavelength distance of a certain frequency.

Answer 41

Correct Answer: c) Range from the transmitter to the first returning sky wave.

Question 42

BASIC PRINCIPLES 63 Question: Diffraction of an RF signal is a displacement of its propagation path due to? Options: a) Passing through ionised regions of the upper atmosphere. b) Reflection from the surface. c) Passing over or through mediums of different conductivity. d) Passing over obstacle with dimensions close to the wavelength. Correct Answer: d) Passing over obstacle with dimensions close to the wavelength.

Answer 42

Correct Answer: d) Passing over obstacle with dimensions close to the wavelength.

Question 43

BASIC PRINCIPLES 64 Question: Using a medium frequency band when is fading likely to occur? Options: a) Night with sky and ground waves. b) Night time when snowing. c) Day time when snowing. d) Day time with sky and ground waves.

Answer 43

Correct Answer: a) Night with sky and ground waves.

Question 44

BASIC PRINCIPLES 65 Question: Complete the following statement. …… radio signals have a ….. range by ….. wave over ….. and then over ……? Options: a) MF, shorter, sky, sea, land. b) MF, greater, ground, sea, land. c) VHF, shorter, sky, sea, land. d) MF, greater, ground, sea, land.

Answer 44

Correct Answer: d) MF, greater, ground, sea, land.

Question 45

BASIC PRINCIPLES 66 Question: The frequency at which sky waves should least affect reception? Options: a) VLF. b) LF. c) MF. d) HF.

Answer 45

Correct Answer: a) VLF.

Question 46

BASIC PRINCIPLES 67 Question: The skip distance of HF transmissions will increase with? Options: a) Lower frequency and lower position of the reflecting layer. b) Lower frequency and higher position of the reflecting layer. c) Higher frequency and higher position of the reflecting layer. d) Higher frequency and lower position of the reflecting layer.

Answer 46

Correct Answer: c) Higher frequency and higher position of the reflecting layer.

Question 47

BASIC PRINCIPLES 68 Question: Attenuation is a generic term for? Options: a) Loss of power but is only relevant to space waves. b) Increase in power. c) Refraction. d) Loss of power.

Answer 47

Correct Answer: d) Loss of power.

Question 48

BASIC PRINCIPLES 69 Question: Reflection from the ionospheric layers is used in the following radio frequencies? Options: a) VLF. b) HF. c) VHF. d) UHF.

Answer 48

Correct Answer: b) HF.

Question 49

BASIC PRINCIPLES 70 Question: MF fading is most common? Options: a) During the day due to the reception of both sky waves and ground waves. b) During the day and during heavy rain. c) At night and during heavy rain. d) At night due to reception of both sky waves and ground waves.

Answer 49

Correct Answer: d) At night due to reception of both sky waves and ground waves.

Question 50

BASIC PRINCIPLES 71 Question: As the frequency of a transmitter is increased, the range of the ground wave will? Options: a) Increase. b) Decrease. c) Decrease by night only. d) Increase over the sea.

Answer 50

Correct Answer: b) Decrease.

Question 51

BASIC PRINCIPLES 72 Question: Skip distance is longest by …. and with a ….. frequency? Options: a) Day, low. b) Day, high. c) Night, low. d) Night, high.

Answer 51

Correct Answer: d) Night, high.

Question 52

BASIC PRINCIPLES 73 Question: Attenuation of a radio wave is the? Options: a) Reduction of its power by absorption, scattering or spreading. b) Increase of its power by the combination of multi-path signals. c) Change of its frequency by use of sidebands. d) Change of amplitude by use of sidebands.

Answer 52

Correct Answer: a) Reduction of its power by absorption, scattering or spreading.

Question 53

BASIC PRINCIPLES 74 Question: A radio signal loses strength as the range from the transmitter increases. This effect is called? Options: a) Ducting. b) Amplification. c) Attenuation. d) Refraction.

Answer 53

Correct Answer: c) Attenuation.

Question 54

BASIC PRINCIPLES 75 Question: In the propagation of MF waves, the phenomenon of FADING is particularly found? Options: a) By day and when raining. b) At night and when raining. c) By day due to the combination of sky waves and ground waves. d) At night, due to the combination of sky waves and ground waves.

Answer 54

Correct Answer: d) At night, due to the combination of sky waves and ground waves.

Question 55

BASIC PRINCIPLES 76 Question: Fading happens? Options: a) In daytime when ground waves and sky waves interfere with each other. b) At night when ground waves and sky waves interfere with each other. c) At night when the signal is received by ground waves only. d) At daytime when the signal is received by sky waves only.

Answer 55

Correct Answer: b) At night when ground waves and sky waves interfere with each other.

Question 56

BASIC PRINCIPLES 77 Question: Which of the following statements is true? Options: a) A transmission’s bandwidth is affected by the design of the aerial. b) Bandwidth must be reduced in order to reduce noise. c) A narrow bandwidth improves beam width. d) A broad bandwidth gives a narrow beam width.

Answer 56

Correct Answer: b) Bandwidth must be reduced in order to reduce noise.

Question 57

BASIC PRINCIPLES 78 Question: Diffraction is the process by which? Options: a) A direct wave is bent around the form of the Earth. b) A space wave penetrates the ionosphere. c) Radio waves travel over and around objects. d) A ground wave is attenuated over rough ground.

Answer 57

Correct Answer: c) Radio waves travel over and around objects.

Question 58

BASIC PRINCIPLES 79 Question: What is the lowest frequency where freedom from static interference can be guaranteed? Options: a) 3 MHz. b) 30 MHz. c) 300 MHz. d) 3 GHz.

Answer 58

Correct Answer: b) 30 MHz. VHF

Question 59

BASIC PRINCIPLES 80 Question: An HF transmitter is tuned to a frequency that refracts from the E layer in the ionosphere. The maximum distance of the first returning sky wave is? Options: a) 599 km. b) 1500 km. c) 599 nm. d) 1500 nm.

Answer 59

Correct Answer: b) 1500 km.

Question 60

BASIC PRINCIPLES 81 Question: The approximate maximum range of ground waves of LF and MF are (by day) …… and …… respectively, with …… suffering more from atmospheric attenuation? Options: a) 1500 nm, 1000 nm, MF. b) 1000 nm, 500 nm, LF. c) 1000 nm, 300 nm, MF. d) 500 nm, 100 nm, LF.

Answer 60

Correct Answer: c) 1000 nm, 300 nm, MF.

Question 61

Q26. What is skip distance? Options: a) The distance between a receiver and the first and second fundamentals. b) The distance between the transmitter and the first returning sky wave. c) The distance between the first fundamental returning to the ground, and the receiver.

Answer 61

Correct Answer: b) The distance between the transmitter and the first returning sky wave.

Question 62

Q27. Weather radar is? Options: a) Centimetric b) Metric c) Kilometric

Answer 62

Correct Answer: a) Centimetric

Question 63

Q28. The wavelength of VHF radio signal is? Options: a) Millimetric b) Centimetric c) Metric

Answer 63

Correct Answer: c) Metric

Question 64

Q29. The wavelength of ILS localizer is. Options: a) Millimetric b) Centimetric c) Metric

Answer 64

Correct Answer: c) Metric

Question 65

Q30. Atmospheric ducting close to the earth, is most likely? Options: a) In an inversion with constant humidity at all altitudes. b) In an inversion with humidity decreasing with increasing altitude. c) Over land.

Answer 65

Correct Answer: b) In an inversion with humidity decreasing with increasing altitude.

Question 66

Q3 In an amplitude modulated signal, the amplitude of the carrier wave will: a) remain constant, and the frequency will vary according to the amplitude of the modulating signal. b) vary according to the amplitude of the modulating signal. c) vary according to the frequency of the modulating signal.

Answer 66

Correct Answer: b) vary according to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

Question 67

Q4 To establish and maintain effective HF communications the frequency used at a given range: a) should remain constant. b) should only be varied by season, decreased in summer and increased in winter. c) should be decreased at night.

Answer 67

Correct Answer: c) should be decreased at night.

Question 68

Q5 For a given set of ionosphere conditions, as the frequency of an HF signal is increased: a) the size of the dead space increases due solely to the decreasing minimum skip distance. b) the size of the dead space increases due solely to the increasing minimum skip distance. c) the size of the dead space decreases because the surface wave coverage decreases, and the minimum skip distance decreases.

Answer 68

Correct Answer: b) the size of the dead space increases due solely to the increasing minimum skip distance.

Question 69

Q6 Around a radiating transmitter aerial there is: a) a magnetic field. b) an electrical field. c) an electrical and magnetic field.

Answer 69

Correct Answer: c) an electrical and magnetic field.

Question 70

Q7 The rate of attenuation of a radio wave which occurs when the wave travels close to the Earth’s surface: a) decreases as the frequency of the wave increases, and is greater over the land than the sea. b) decreases as the frequency of the wave increases, and is greater over the sea than the land. c) increases as the frequency of the wave increases, and is greater over the sea than the land. d) decreases as the frequency of the wave increases, and is greater over the sea than the land.

Answer 70

Correct Answer: c) increases as the frequency of the wave increases, and is greater over the sea than the land.

Question 71

Q9 For a given HF frequency skip distance will normally: a) be greater by day than by night. b) be greater by night than by day. c) be less by night than by day.

Answer 71

Correct Answer: b) be greater by night than by day.

Question 72

Q10 The rate of refraction of a radio wave which occurs within the ionosphere: a) decreases as the frequency of the radio wave increases. b) increases as the frequency of the radio wave increases. c) is greater at night.

Answer 72

Correct Answer: b) increases as the frequency of the radio wave increases.

Question 73

Q12 In sky wave propagation the distance between the end of the surface wave and the first returning sky wave is called: a) maximum usable range. b) dead space. c) skip distance.

Answer 73

Correct Answer: b) dead space.

Question 74

Q13 A frequency of 295 KHz would be described as: a) LF. b) short wave. c) MF.

Answer 74

Correct Answer: a) LF. 30 to 300 kHz

Question 75

Q14 As a radio signal increases in frequency, ionospheric refraction …… and atmospheric attenuation …… a) decreases; decreases. b) increases; decreases. c) increases; increases.

Answer 75

Correct Answer: b) increases; decreases.

Question 76

Q15 Sky waves are not likely to occur by day or night in which of the following frequency bands: a) VHF. b) HF. c) MF.

Answer 76

Correct Answer: a) VHF.

Question 77

Q18 What is the first returning sky wave called? a) The critical ray. b) The sky ray. c) The space wave.

Answer 77

Correct Answer: a) The critical ray.

Question 78

Q19 What is the metric distance of an NDB wavelength? a) Decimetric. b) Centimetric. c) Metric or Kilometric.

Answer 78

Correct Answer: c) Metric or Kilometric.

Question 79

Q20 Which radio frequency employs the refraction properties of the ionosphere? a) EHF. b) HF. c) VHF.

Answer 79

Correct Answer: b) HF.

Question 80

Q21 VOR wavelength is? a) 24.6 cm. b) 24.6 Cm. c) 2.46m.

Answer 80

Correct Answer: c) 2.46m.

Question 81

Q22 VOR Wavelength is a) Millimetric. b) Centimetric. c) Metric.

Answer 81

Correct Answer: c) Metric.

Question 82

Q23 When is fading in the medium frequency band most likely to occur? a) During the day with ground and sky waves. b) During rainy days. c) During rainy nights. Correct Answer: b) During rainy days.

Answer 82

Correct Answer: b) During rainy days.

Question 83

Q1 A radio wave is: a) an energy wave comprising an electrical field in the same plane as a magnetic field b) an electrical field alternating with a magnetic field c) an energy wave where there is an electrical field perpendicular to a magnetic field d) an energy field with an electrical component

Answer 83

Correct Answer: c) an energy wave where there is an electrical field perpendicular to a magnetic field

Question 84

Q2 The speed of radio waves is: a) 300 km per second b) 300 million m per second c) 162 NM per second d) 162 million miles per hour Correct Answer: b) 300 million m per second

Answer 84

Correct Answer: b) 300 million m per second

Question 85

Q3 The plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is: a) the plane of the magnetic field b) the plane of the electrical field c) the plane of the electrical or magnetic field dependent on the plane of the aerial d) none of the above

Answer 85

Correct Answer: b) the plane of the electrical field

Question 86

Q8 To carry out a phase comparison between two electromagnetic waves: a) both waves must have the same amplitude b) both waves must have the same frequency c) both waves must have the same amplitude and frequency d) both waves must have the same phase

Answer 86

Correct Answer: b) both waves must have the same frequency

Question 87

Q1 The process which causes the reduction in signal strength as range from a transmitter increases is known as: a) absorption b) diffraction c) attenuation d) ionisation

Answer 87

Correct Answer: c) attenuation

Question 88

Q2 Which of the following will give the greatest surface wave range? a) 243 MHz b) 500 kHz c) 2182 kHz d) 15 kHz

Answer 88

Correct Answer: b) 500 kHz

Question 89

Q3 It is intended to increase the range of a VHF transmitter from 50 NM to 100 NM. This will be achieved by increasing the power output by a factor of: a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 16

Answer 89

Correct Answer: b) 4

Question 90

Q8 Determine which of the following statements concerning atmospheric ionization are correct: 1. The highest levels of ionisation will be experienced in low latitudes 2. Ionisation levels increase linearly with increasing altitude 3. The lowest levels of ionisation occur about midnight 4. The E layer is higher by night than by day because the ionisation levels are lower at night a) statements 1, 2, 3 are correct b) statements 1, 3 and 4 are correct c) statements 2 and 4 are correct d) statements 1 and 4 are correct

Answer 90

Correct Answer: d) statements 1 and 4 are correct

Question 91

Q8 Concerning HF communications, which of the following is correct? a) The frequency required in low latitudes is less than the frequency required in high latitudes b) At night a higher frequency is required than by day c) The frequency required is dependent on time of day but not the season d) The frequency required for short ranges will be less than the frequency required for long ranges

Answer 91

Correct Answer: d) The frequency required for short ranges will be less than the frequency required for long ranges

Question 92

Question 1 NAVSTAR/GPS operates in the …… band the receiver determines position by …….: Options: a) UHF  range position lines b) UHF  secondary radar principles c) SHF  secondary radar principles d) SHF  range position lines

Answer 92

Correct Answer: a) UHF  range position lines

Question 93

Question 2 The NAVSTAR/GPS control segment comprises: Options: a) the space segment, the user segment and the ground segment b) a ground segment and the INMARSAT geostationary satellites c) a master control station, a back-up control station and five monitoring stations d) a master control station, a back-up control station, five monitoring stations and the INMARSAT geostationary satellites

Answer 93

Correct Answer: c) a master control station, a back-up control station and five monitoring stations

Question 94

Question 3 The orbital height and inclination of the NAVSTAR/GPS constellation are: Options: a) 20 180 km, 65° b) 20 180 km, 55° c) 19 099 km, 65° d) 19 099 km, 55°

Answer 94

Correct Answer: b) 20 180 km, 55°

Question 95

Question 4 The model of the earth used for NAVSTAR/GPS is: Options: a) WGS90 b) PZ90 c) WGS84 d) PZ84

Answer 95

Correct Answer: c) WGS84

Question 96

Question 5 The minimum number of satellites required for a 3D fix is: Options: a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6

Answer 96

Correct Answer: b) 4

Question 97

Question 6 The NAVSTAR/GPS operational constellation comprises how many satellites? Options: a) 12 b) 21 c) 24 d) 30

Answer 97

Correct Answer: c) 24

Question 98

Question 7 The most accurate fixing information will be obtained from: Options: a) four satellites spaced 90° apart at 30° above the visual horizon b) one satellite close to the horizon and 3 equally at 60° above the horizon c) one satellite directly overhead and 3 equally spaced at 60° above the horizon d) one satellite directly overhead and 3 spaced 120° apart close to the horizon

Answer 98

Correct Answer: d) one satellite directly overhead and 3 spaced 120° apart close to the horizon

Question 99

Question 8 The most significant error of GNSS is: Options: a) PDOP b) receiver clock c) ephemeris d) ionospheric propagation

Answer 99

Correct Answer: d) ionospheric propagation

Question 100

Question 9 The frequency available to non-authorized users of NAVSTAR/GPS is: Options: a) 1227.6 MHz b) 1575.42 MHz c) 1602 MHz d) 1246 MHz

Answer 100

Correct Answer: b) 1575.42 MHz

Question 101

Question 10 The purpose of the pseudo-random noise codes in NAVSTAR/GPS is to: Options: a) identify the satellites b) pass the almanac data c) pass the navigation and system data d) pass the ephemeris and time information

Answer 101

Correct Answer: a) identify the satellites

Question 102

Question 11 The minimum number of satellites required for receiver autonomous integrity monitoring is: Options: a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6

Answer 102

Correct Answer: c) 5

Question 103

Question 12 If a receiver has to download the almanac, the time to do this will be: Options: a) 2.5 minutes b) 12.5 minutes c) 25 minutes d) 15 minutes

Answer 103

Correct Answer: b) 12.5 minutes

Question 104

Question 13 The use of LAAS and WAAS remove the errors caused by: Options: a) propagation, selective availability, satellite ephemeris and clock b) selective availability, satellite ephemeris and clock c) PDOP, selective availability and propagation d) receiver clock, PDOP, satellite ephemeris and clock

Answer 104

Correct Answer: b) selective availability, satellite ephemeris and clock

Question 105

Question 14 The most accurate satellite fixing information will be obtained from: Options: a) NAVSTAR/GPS & GLONASS b) TRANSIT & NAVSTAR/GPS c) COSPAS/SARSAT & GLONASS d) NAVSTAR/GPS & COSPAS/SARSAT

Answer 105

Correct Answer: a) NAVSTAR/GPS & GLONASS

Question 106

Question 15 A LAAS requires: Options: a) an accurately surveyed site on the aerodrome and a link through the INMARSAT geostationary satellites to pass corrections to X, Y & Z coordinates to aircraft b) an accurately surveyed site on the aerodrome and a link through the INMARSAT geostationary satellites to pass satellite range corrections to aircraft c) an accurately surveyed site on the aerodrome and a system known as a pseudolite to pass satellite range corrections to aircraft d) an accurately surveyed site on the aerodrome and system known as a pseudolite to pass corrections to X, Y & Z coordinates to aircraft

Answer 106

Correct Answer: d) an accurately surveyed site on the aerodrome and system known as a pseudolite to pass corrections to X, Y & Z coordinates to aircraft ⸻

Question 107

Question 16 The position derived from NAVSTAR/GPS satellites may be subject to the following errors: Options: a) selective availability, sky wave interference, PDOP b) propagation, selective availability, ephemeris c) PDOP, static interference, instrument d) ephemeris, PDOP, siting

Answer 107

Correct Answer: b) propagation, selective availability, ephemeris ⸻

Question 108

Question 17 EGNOS is: Options: a) the proposed European satellite navigation system b) a LAAS c) a WAAS d) a system to remove errors caused by the difference between the model of the earth and the actual shape of the earth

Answer 108

Correct Answer: c) a WAAS ⸻

Question 109

Question 18 The PRN codes are used to: Options: a) determine the time interval between the satellite transmission and receipt of the signal at the receiver b) pass ephemeris and clock data to the receivers c) synchronize the receiver clocks with the satellites clocks d) determine the range of the satellites from the receiver

Answer 109

Correct Answer: a) determine the time interval between the satellite transmission and receipt of the signal at the receiver ⸻

Question 110

Question 19 The availability of two frequencies in GNSS: Options: a) removes SV ephemeris and clock errors b) reduces propagation errors c) reduces errors caused by PDOP d) removes receiver clock errors

Answer 110

Correct Answer: b) reduces propagation errors ⸻

Question 111

Question 20 The NAVSTAR/GPS reference system is: Options: a) A geo-centred 3D Cartesian coordinate system fixed with reference to the sun b) A geo-centred 3D Cartesian coordinate system fixed with reference to the prime meridian, equator and pole c) A geo-centred 3D Cartesian coordinate system fixed with reference to space d) A geo-centred 3D system based on latitude, longitude and altitude

Answer 111

Correct Answer: b) A geo-centred 3D Cartesian coordinate system fixed with reference to the prime meridian, equator and pole ⸻

Question 112

Question 21 The initial range calculation at the receiver is known as a pseudo-range, because it is not yet corrected for: Options: a) receiver clock errors b) receiver and satellite clock errors c) receiver and satellite clock errors and propagation errors d) receiver and satellite clock errors and ephemeris errors

Answer 112

Correct Answer: a) receiver clock errors ⸻

Question 113

Question 22 The navigation and system data message is transmitted through the: Options: a) 50 Hz modulation b) the C/A and P PRN codes c) the C/A code d) the P code

Answer 113

Correct Answer: a) 50 Hz modulation ⸻

Question 114

Question 23 An all in view receiver: Options: a) informs the operator that all the satellites required for fixing and RAIM are in available b) checks all the satellites in view and selects the 4 with the best geometry for fixing c) requires 5 satellites to produce a 4D fix d) uses all the satellites in view for fixing

Answer 114

Correct Answer: b) checks all the satellites in view and selects the 4 with the best geometry for fixing ⸻

Question 115

Question 24 When using GNSS to carry out a non-precision approach the MDA will be determined using: Options: a) barometric altitude b) GPS altitude c) radio altimeter height d) either barometric or radio altimeter altitude

Answer 115

Correct Answer: a) barometric altitude ⸻

Question 116

Question 25 If an aircraft manoeuvre puts a satellite being used for fixing into the wing shadow then: Options: a) the accuracy will be unaffected b) the accuracy will be temporarily downgraded c) the receiver will automatically select another satellite with no degradation in positional accuracy d) the receiver will maintain lock using signals reflected from other parts of the aircraft with a small degrading of positional accuracy

Answer 116

Correct Answer: b) the accuracy will be temporarily downgraded ⸻

Question 117

Question 26 Which of the following statements concerning NAVSTAR/GPS time is correct? Options: a) Satellite time is the same as UTC b) The satellite runs its own time based on seconds and weeks which is independent of UTC c) The satellite runs its own time based on seconds and weeks which is correlated with UTC d) Satellite time is based on sidereal time

Answer 117

Correct Answer: c) The satellite runs its own time based on seconds and weeks which is correlated with UTC

Question 118

Question 1 Position fixing by satellite is by means of: Options: a) simultaneous bearings from a number of satellites b) range and bearing from each known satellite’s position c) simultaneous ranges from a number of satellites

Answer 118

Correct Answer: c) simultaneous ranges from a number of satellites ⸻

Question 119

Question 2 The DGPS is: Options: a) the time difference between the transmission of the satellite’s coded signal and the time that it is received at the aircraft b) the time difference between the satellite and the aircraft GPS unit transmitting the same code point on the signal c) the correction applied to the ‘raw’ GPS position to obtain a more precise position

Answer 119

Correct Answer: c) the correction applied to the ‘raw’ GPS position to obtain a more precise position ⸻

Question 120

Question 3 The reason that the satellites of GPS and GLONASS do not collide is: Options: a) the GPS orbit is at 55° to the equator while the GLONASS is at 60° b) the GPS satellite orbits are 1200 km higher than the GLONASS orbits c) GLONASS has only three orbital planes while GPS has six orbital planes

Answer 120

Correct Answer: b) the GPS satellite orbits are 1200 km higher than the GLONASS orbits ⸻

Question 121

Question 4 The GPS can: Options: a) provide two-dimension and three-dimension positions b) only provide position in latitude and longitude c) indicate two-dimension positions or position lines in the horizontal plane

Answer 121

Correct Answer: a) provide two-dimension and three-dimension positions ⸻

Question 122

Question 5 The GPS transmission frequency which can be used by civil aircraft is: Options: a) 1575.42 MHz in the L-band b) 2227.5 MHz in the S-band c) 1227.6.5MHz in the L-band

Answer 122

Correct Answer: a) 1575.42 MHz in the L-band ⸻

Question 123

Question 6 The US DoD degrades GPS accuracy: Options: a) to protect US national security b) to protect the DoD copyright c) to prevent 100% reliance on a system which may have to be interrupted for military purposes at a moment’s notice

Answer 123

Correct Answer: a) to protect US national security

Question 124

Question 7 The accuracy of range measurement of satellite to GPS receiver is: Options: a) seriously reduced during periods of sunspot activity b) seriously eroded during periods of anomalous propagation in an inversion c) derived from accurate timepieces in the satellite and the aircraft’s GPS receiver

Answer 124

Correct Answer: c) derived from accurate timepieces in the satellite and the aircraft’s GPS receiver

Question 125

Question 8 Satellites used in GNSS, orbit the earth: Options: a) once in twelve hours b) once in eight hours c) once in 24 hours

Answer 125

Correct Answer: a) once in twelve hours ⸻

Question 126

Question 9 Satellite geometry error is greatest when: Options: a) satellites are closest together b) satellites are spaced well apart c) satellites are nearest the horizon

Answer 126

Correct Answer: a) satellites are closest together ⸻

Question 127

Question 10 It may be claimed that GNSS has the advantage over other air navigation systems in that it: Options: a) is basically a military-based system made available to civil users with solar-powered satellites which have an infinite life b) has no possible input by the pilot c) is entirely space-based

Answer 127

Correct Answer: c) is entirely space-based ⸻

Question 128

Question 11 NAVSTAR/GPS operates in the …….. band and the receiver determines position by………… Options: a) UHF, range position line b) UHF, secondary radar principles c) SHF, secondary radar principles

Answer 128

Correct Answer: a) UHF, range position line ⸻

Question 129

Question 12 The orbital height and inclination of the NAVSTAR/GPS constellation are: Options: a) 20180 km, 65° b) 20180 km, 55° c) 19099 km, 65°

Answer 129

Correct Answer: b) 20180 km, 55° ⸻

Question 130

Question 13 The model of the earth used for NAVSTAR/GPS is: Options: a) WGS90 b) PZ90 c) WGS84

Answer 130

Correct Answer: c) WGS84 ⸻

Question 131

Question 14 The minimum number of satellites required for a 3D fix is: Options: a) 3 b) 4 c) 5

Answer 131

Correct Answer: b) 4 ⸻

Question 132

Question 15 The NAVSTAR/GPS operational constellation comprises ………. satellites Options: a) 12 b) 21 c) 24

Answer 132

Correct Answer: c) 24

Question 133

Q1. Direction property error is known as? a) 180° ambiguity b) 90° ambiguity c) Quadrantal error ⸻

Answer 133

Correct Answer: [x) a) 180° ambiguity]

Question 134

Q2. What is used to resolve 180° ambiguity? a) Align radio compass to True North b) Sense Aerial c) Loop Aerial

Answer 134

Correct Answer: [x) b) Sense Aerial]

Question 135

Q4. Variations of signal in NDB receivers due to skywaves indicates the presence of: a) Night effect b) Coastal refraction c) Mountain or terrain effect ⸻

Answer 135

Correct Answer: [x) a) Night effect]

Question 136

Q5. The BFO selector on an ADF receiver is used to: a) Find the loop “null” position b) Stop loop rotation c) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal ⸻

Answer 136

Correct Answer: [x) c) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal]

Question 137

Q6. Which one of the following disturbances is most likely to cause the greatest inaccuracy in ADF bearings? a) Quadrantal error b) Local thunderstorm activity c) Coastal effect ⸻

Answer 137

Correct Answer: [x) b) Local thunderstorm activity]

Question 138

Q7. Factors liable to affect most NDB/ADF system performance and reliability include: a) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system b) Static interference – station interference – latitude error c) Height error – station interference – mountain effect

Answer 138

Correct Answer: [x) a) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system]

Question 139

Q8. There are two NDBs, one 20NM inland, and the other 50NM inland from the coast. Assuming that the error caused by coastal refraction is the same for both propagations, the extent of the error in a position line plotted by an aircraft that is over water will be: a) Greater from the beacon that is 20NM inland b) The same from both beacons when the aircraft is on a relative bearing of 180° and 360° c) Greater from the beacon that is 50NM inland

Answer 139

Correct Answer: [x) c) Greater from the beacon that is 50NM inland]

Question 140

Q10. An aircraft is “homing” to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero. If the magnetic heading decreases, the aircraft is experiencing: a) Zero drift b) Right drift c) Left drift ⸻

Answer 140

Correct Answer: [x) b) Right drift]

Question 141

Q11. Errors caused by the effect of coastal refraction on bearings at lower altitudes are maximum when the NDB is: a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle b) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles c) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles ⸻

Answer 141

Correct Answer: [x) a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle]

Question 142

Q12. Quadrantal errors associated with aircraft Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) equipment are caused by: a) Skywave/ground wave contamination b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces c) Signal bending caused by electrical interference from aircraft wiring ⸻

Answer 142

Correct Answer: [x) b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces]

Question 143

Q13. “Night Effect” which causes loss of signal and fading, resulting in bearing errors from transmissions, is due to: a) Interference from other transmissions and is maximum at dusk when east of the NDB b) Static activity increasing at night particularly in the lower frequency band c) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk ⸻

Answer 143

Correct Answer: [x) c) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk]

Question 144

Q14. Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? a) Mutual interference between aircraft aerials b) Frequency drift at the ground station c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night

Answer 144

Correct Answer: [x) c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night]

Question 145

Q16. Consider the following statements on the NDB transmitter: a) It is operating in the HF/VHF band. b) It is very simple, being required to transmit only a carrier wave and identification. c) In India, most NDBs operate in the frequency band 455 - 1750 kHz. ⸻

Answer 145

Correct Answer: [x) b) It is very simple, being required to transmit only a carrier wave and identification.]

Question 146

Q17. The purpose of the BFO switch on the ADF receiver is to: a) Cut out the static noise. b) Improve the strength of the received signal. c) Make the signal audible. ⸻

Answer 146

Correct Answer: [x) c) Make the signal audible.]

Question 147

Q18. When using NDBs, night effect is most likely to be greatest at: a) Dusk. b) Dawn or dusk. c) Dawn. ⸻

Answer 147

Correct Answer: [x) b) Dawn or dusk.]

Question 148

Q19. With regard to the following types of NDB which statement is correct? a) Locators have 200 W power, 50 nm range and are NON A2A. b) Locators have 5000 W power, 50 nm range and are NON A1A. c) Locators have 15 W power, 10-25 nm range and are NON A2A. ⸻

Answer 148

Correct Answer: [x) c) Locators have 15 W power, 10-25 nm range and are NON A2A.]

Question 149

Q20. The D layer of the ionosphere affects the accuracy of NDB bearings: a) Never. b) By day and night. c) By night only. ⸻

Answer 149

Correct Answer: [x) c) By night only.]

Question 150

Q21. An ADF uses a sense aerial to: a) Transmit the beacon ident. b) Determine the null position. c) Resolve ambiguous bearings. ⸻

Answer 150

Correct Answer: [x) c) Resolve ambiguous bearings.]

Question 151

Q22. Which of the following equipment does not have a system to warn the pilot that it is inoperative: a) ADF b) ILS c) VOR ⸻

Answer 151

Correct Answer: [x) a) ADF]

Question 152

Q23. The BFO: a) Is used to make the ident from an A1A NDB audible. b) Is used to determine the signal strength of an NDB. c) Creates the audio ident for an NDB.

Answer 152

Correct Answer: [x) a) Is used to make the ident from an A1A NDB audible.]

Question 153

Q24. An NDB signal crossing from land to sea will … speed and bend … the normal. a) decrease, away from b) increase, towards c) increase, away from ⸻

Answer 153

Correct Answer: [x) c) increase, away from]

Question 154

Q25. Long range NDBs normally employ: a) A3W b) A9E c) NON/A1A ⸻

Answer 154

Correct Answer: [x) c) NON/A1A]

Question 155

Q26. When using a NON A2A NDB the BFO should be: a) Off for tuning and on for identification. b) Off for tuning and off for identification. c) On for tuning and off for identification. ⸻

Answer 155

Correct Answer: [x) c) On for tuning and off for identification.]

Question 156

Q27. What is the approved frequency band assigned to aeronautical ADFs? a) 190-1750 kHz b) 190-1750 Hz c) 190-1750 GHz ⸻

Answer 156

Correct Answer: [x) a) 190-1750 kHz]

Question 157

Q28. The promulgated range for an NDB is applicable: a) During daytime only. b) Throughout 24 hours, but is most prone to error around dusk and dawn. c) During night time only. ⸻

Answer 157

Correct Answer: [x) a) During daytime only.]

Question 158

Q29. An aeroplane is flying parallel to a coast. Which of the following NDBs will give the greatest coastal refraction LOP error? a) NDB sited on the coast - RBI 300° b) NDB sited 30 nm inland - RBI 330° c) NDB sited on the coast - RBI 330°

Answer 158

Correct Answer: [x) b) NDB sited 30 nm inland - RBI 330°]

Question 159

Q30. A radio beacon has an operational range of 10 NM. By what factor should the transmitter power be increased in order to achieve an operational range of 20 NM? a) Eight b) Four c) Two

Answer 159

Correct Answer: [x) b) Four]

Question 160

VDF 2 Question: VDF accuracy may be decreased by? Options: A. Diurnal variation. B. Site and propagation errors. C. Night effect. D. Coastal effect. Correct Answer: [x) B. Site and propagation errors.] ⸻ VDF 13 Question: An aircraft is “homing” to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero. If the magnetic heading increases, the aircraft is experiencing? Options: A. Right drift B. Left drift C. Zero drift

Answer 160

Correct Answer: [x) B. Left drift.]

Question 161

⸻ VDF 13 Question: An aircraft is “homing” to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero. If the magnetic heading increases, the aircraft is experiencing? Options: A. Right drift B. Left drift C. Zero drift

Answer 161

Correct Answer: [x) B. Left drift.]

Question 162

VDF 2 Question: VDF accuracy may be decreased by? Options: A. Diurnal variation. B. Site and propagation errors. C. Night effect. D. Coastal effect.

Answer 162

Correct Answer: [x) B. Site and propagation errors.]

Question 163

VDF 14 Question: What airborne equipment, if any, is required to be fitted in order that a VDF let-down may be flown? Options: A. VOR B. VHF radio C. None D. VOR/DME ⸻

Answer 163

Correct Answer: [x) B. VHF radio]

Question 164

Question 5 In order to Tune, Identify and Monitor NONA1A NDB emissions the BFO should be used as follows: Tune Identify Monitor a) On On On b) On On Off c) On Off On d) Off Off Off

Answer 164

Correct Answer: **[a) On On On]**

Question 165

VDF 15 Question: Which of the following is an advantage of Ground/DF (VDF) let-down? Options: A. It only requires a VHF radio to be fitted to the aircraft B. It is pilot interpreted and does not require the assistance of ATC C. It does not require any special equipment to be fitted to the aircraft D. It does not require any special equipment, apart from a VHF radio, to be installed in the aircraft or on the ground ⸻

Answer 165

Correct Answer: [x) A. It only requires a VHF radio to be fitted to the aircraft]

Question 166

VDF 16 Question: In which one of the following circumstances is ground direction finding (VDF) likely to be used to fix an aircraft’s position? Options: A. On first contact with ATC on crossing an international FIR boundary B. When contacting ATC to join controlled airspace from the open FIR C. When declaring an emergency on any frequency D. When using the emergency VHF frequency 121.5 MHz ⸻

Answer 166

Correct Answer: [x) D. When using the emergency VHF frequency 121.5 MHz]

Question 167

VDF 17 Question: What is a VDF referenced to? Options: A. Relative bearing to the aircraft B. True north at the aircraft C. Magnetic north at the station D. Magnetic north at the aircraft

Answer 167

Correct Answer: [x) C. Magnetic north at the station]

Question 168

VDF 21 Question: A radio beacon has an operational range of 10 nm. By what factor should the transmitter power be increased in order to achieve an operational range of 20 nm? Options: A. Four B. Eight C. Two D. Six ⸻

Answer 168

Correct Answer: [x) A. Four]

Question 169

VDF 22 Question: VDF is the abbreviation for? Options: A. VDF Direction Finder B. Very Direction Finder C. Very High Frequency Deviation Finding Station D. VHF Direction Finder ⸻

Answer 169

Correct Answer: [x) D. VHF Direction Finder]

Question 170

VDF 23 Question: To provide a pilot with the position of the aircraft in the absence of radar, ATC must have at its disposal at least? Options: A. Two VDFs at different locations, able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency B. Three VDFs at different locations, able to take bearings simultaneously on different frequencies C. Two co-located VDFs, able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency D. One VDF able to take bearings simultaneously on different frequencies

Answer 170

Correct Answer: [x) A. Two VDFs at different locations, able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency]

Question 171

VDF 24 Question: Range of VDF depends on? 1. Line of sight formula. 2. Power of transmitter. 3. Intervening high ground. The combination regrouping all of the correct statements is? Options: A. 2 B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 3 ⸻

Answer 171

Correct Answer: [x) B. 1, 2 and 3]

Question 172

VDF 25 Question: Range of VDF depends on? 1. Loudness of the voices of the pilots and the operator when transmitting. 2. Power of airborne and ground transmitters. 3. Power of pilot voice when transmitting. 4. Aircraft altitude and ground transmitter elevation. The combination regrouping all of the correct statements is? Options: A. 2 and 4 B. 2 C. 1 D. 3 and 4

Answer 172

Correct Answer: [x) B. 2

Question 173

VDF 26 Question: One of the uses of the VDF is providing aircraft with? Options: A. Ground speed B. Homing C. Altitude D. Heading ⸻

Answer 173

Correct Answer: [x) B. Homing]

Question 174

VDF 27 Question: A VDF may be used? Options: A. To provide the ATC controller with bearings of aircraft in the absence of radar B. In emergency type situations when the aircraft is unable to transmit on VHF C. In combination with radar to solve a 180 degree ambiguity D. In lieu of ILS for precision approach purposes

Answer 174

Correct Answer: [x) A. To provide the ATC controller with bearings of aircraft in the absence of radar]

Question 175

⸻ VDF 28 Question: What is the effect of multipath signals (coming from the same aircraft) at the Ground VHF Direction Finder Station? Options: A. It reduces the range at which the Ground VDF Direction Finder station receives signals from the aircraft B. Regardless of the difference in distance travelled by these signals, it results in their extinction of the signals at the Ground VHF Direction Finder station C. It may result in an increase in the distance at which Ground Direction Finder station receives signals from the aircraft, if the Ground Station is situated in the skip zone D. They may result in bearing errors ⸻

Answer 175

Correct Answer: [x) D. They may result in bearing errors]

Question 176

VDF 29 Question: In flight, a pilot can improve the range of his transmission with a VDF operator by? Options: A. Speaking louder B. Flying out of clouds C. Increasing altitude D. Decreasing altitude ⸻

Answer 176

Correct Answer: [x) C. Increasing altitude]

Question 177

VDF 30 Question: An aircraft is “homing” to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero. If the magnetic heading decreases, the aircraft is experiencing? Options: A. Right drift B. Left drift C. Zero drift D. A wind from the west

Answer 177

Correct Answer: [x) A. Right drift]

Question 178

VDF 33 Question: VDF measures the bearing of the aircraft with? Options: A. Reference to the aircraft relative bearing B. Reference to the true and magnetic north at the station C. Reference to the true and magnetic north at the aircraft D. Reference to magnetic north at the aircraft Correct Answer: [x) A. Reference to the aircraft relative bearing] ⸻ VDF 34 Question: The VDF Class B bearing is accurate to within? Options: A. +/- 1 degrees B. +/- 5 degrees C. +/- 3 degrees D. +/- 2 degrees Correct Answer: [x) C. +/- 3 degrees] ⸻ VDF 35 Question: When would VDF be used for a position fix? Options: A. When declaring an emergency on 121.5 MHz B. When the aircraft declares an emergency on any frequency C. When first talking to an FIR on crossing an international boundary D. When joining controlled airspace from uncontrolled airspace Correct Answer: [x) A. When declaring an emergency on 121.5 MHz] ⸻ VDF 36 Question: What airborne equipment, if any, is required to be fitted in order that a VDF let-down may be flown? Options: A. VOR/DME B. VHF Radio C. None D. VOR Correct Answer: [x) B. VHF Radio] ⸻ VDF 37 Question: An aircraft wishing to use the VDF service must? Options: A. Be within 10 nautical miles of the VDF aerial B. Transmit a signal for a long enough period for the bearing to be established C. Be equipped with a VOR indicator unit D. Ask the controller to transmit for a long enough period to establish the bearing Correct Answer: [x) B. Transmit a signal for a long enough period for the bearing to be established] ⸻ VDF 38 Question: What equipment does an aircraft need when carrying out a VDF let-down? Options: A. None B. VOR C. VOR/DME D. VHF Radio Correct Answer: [x) D. VHF Radio] ⸻ VDF 39 Question: The minimum airborne equipment required for operation of a VHF Direction Finder is a? Options: A. VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range B. VHF Compass operating in the 200 kHz to 1750 kHz range C. Cathode ray tube D. VHF receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range Correct Answer: [x) A. VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range] ⸻ VDF 40 Question: When conducting a QGH approach responsibility for interpreting the procedure rests with …… And on a QDM approach responsibility rests with ……? Options: A. The controller, the controller B. The pilot, the pilot C. The pilot, the controller D. The controller, the pilot Correct Answer: [x) D. The controller, the pilot] ⸻ VDF 41 Question: Ground direction finding at aerodromes utilises which frequencies? Options: A. VHF at civil aerodromes, VHF at military aerodromes B. VHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes C. UHF at civil aerodromes, VHF at military aerodromes D. UHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes Correct Answer: [x) B. VHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes] ⸻ VDF 42 Question: The range at which you can obtain a VDF bearing can be influenced by? Options: A. Intensity of ionisation B. Surface type C. Aircraft height D. Time of day Correct Answer: [x) C. Aircraft height] ⸻ VDF 43 Question: What is the purpose of a ground direction finder? Options: A. To map airfields B. To aid ground movements C. To aid pilot navigation D. To assist planners in the construction of airfield approaches Correct Answer: [x) B. To aid ground movements] VDF 32 Question: By selecting one VHF frequency, in the range 108 to 112 MHz, on the Nav receiver? Options: a) Rho-theta information from an enroute VOR/DME can be obtained. b) Rho-theta information from an ILS/DME can be obtained. c) Rho-theta information from a terminal VOR/DME can be obtained. d) Rho-theta information from enroute VORs can be obtained. Correct Answer: [x) c) Rho-theta information from a terminal VOR/DME can be obtained.]  Which of the following affects VDF range? a) Coastal refraction. b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver. c) The strength of the pilot’s voice when transmitting. d) Sky wave propagation. Correct Answer: [b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver.] Q55. In the VDF system directional antennas are used? Options: a) At the ground installation. b) In the aircraft. c) In the aircraft and at the ground installation. d) No directional antennas are used. Correct Answer: [x) a) At the ground installation] ⸻ VDF 56. The pilot of an aeroplane requesting a VDF bearing should? Options: a) Avoid banking when transmitting. b) Not pass over the VDF station. c) Transmit on 121.5 MHz. d) Ensure that radio silence is maintained. Correct Answer: [x) a) Avoid banking when transmitting] ⸻ VDF 57. Which of the following statements regarding VHF Direction Finding (VDF) is most accurate? Options: a) It is simple and only requires a VHF radio on the ground. b) It is simple and requires a VHF radio and direction finding equipment in the aeroplane. c) It is simple and requires a VHF radio on the ground and in the aeroplane. d) It uses line of sight propagation. Correct Answer: [x) d) It uses line of sight propagation] ⸻ VDF 58. Which of the following is an advantage of VDF? Options: a) No equipment is required in the aircraft. b) No special equipment is required in the aircraft or on the ground. c) Only a VHF radio is required in the aircraft. d) It is pilot interpreted, so ATC is not required. Correct Answer: [x) c) Only a VHF radio is required in the aircraft] ⸻ VDF 59. With reference to ground DF, the controller can refuse to give a bearing if? Options: a) The requesting aircraft is not from a consenting country. b) The pilot does not use the prescribed terminology. c) Conditions are poor and bearings do not fall the station’s classifications limits. d) None of the above. Correct Answer: [x) c) Conditions are poor and bearings do not fall the station’s classifications limits] ⸻ VDF 60. An aircraft receives a Class A true bearing from a VDF station. This is? Options: a) QTE accurate to +/- 2 degrees. b) QUJ accurate to +/- 2 degrees. c) QTE accurate to +/- 5 degrees. d) QUJ accurate to +/- 5 degrees. Correct Answer: [x) a) QTE accurate to +/- 2 degrees] ⸻ VDF 61. A Class C magnetic bearing is received from a station. This is? Options: a) QUJ accurate to +/- 5 degrees. b) QDM accurate to +/- 10 degrees. c) QTE accurate to +/- 5 degrees. d) QDR accurate to +/- 10 degrees. Correct Answer: [x) d) QDR accurate to +/- 10 degrees] ⸻ VDF 62. When the pilot is conducting a QDM/QGH procedure, he will require? Options: a) No operator on the ground for either VDF or QGH procedures. b) An operator on the ground only for VDF procedure. c) An operator on the ground only for QGH procedure. d) An operator on the ground for both VDF and QGH procedures. Correct Answer: [x) d) An operator on the ground for both VDF and QGH procedures] ⸻ VDF 63. The VDF homer service provides? Options: a) Accurate bearings on demand. b) Bearings, which may be affected by synchronous transmissions. c) A QGH procedure to transiting aircraft. d) Bearings, which will normally be within +/- 5 degrees accuracy to a 20 nm range. Correct Answer: [x) d) Bearings, which will normally be within +/- 5 degrees accuracy to a 20 nm range] ⸻ VDF 64. The minimum airborne equipment required for operation of a VHF Direction Finder is? Options: a) VHF Compass operating in the 500 kHz to 1000 kHz range. b) Course Deviation Indicator (CDI). c) VHF receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range. d) VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range. Correct Answer: [x) d) VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range] ⸻ Q67 Question: A Class B bearing has accuracy limits of plus or minus? Options: a) 2 degrees b) 3 degrees c) 5 degrees d) 7 degrees Correct Answer: [x) c) 5 degrees] ⸻ Q68 Question: VDF for aeronautical use provides service in the frequency range? Options: a) 108 to 118 MHz b) 108 to 136 MHz c) 118 to 136 MHz d) 130 to 300 MHz Correct Answer: [x) b) 108 to 136 MHz] ⸻ Q69 Question: In flight a pilot can improve the range of his transmission with a VDF operator by? Options: a) Increasing altitude b) Decreasing altitude c) Speaking louder d) Flying out of clouds Correct Answer: [x) a) Increasing altitude] ⸻ Q70 Question: What is the Q code for a magnetic bearing from a VDF station? Options: a) QNH b) QTE c) QDR d) QDM Correct Answer: [x) c) QDR] ⸻ ADF 1 Question: A radio beacon has an operational range of 10 NM. By what factor should the transmitter power be increased in order to achieve an operational range of 20 NM? Options: a) Six b) Eight c) Two d) Four Correct Answer: [x) d) Four] ⸻ ADF 2 Question: ‘Night Effect’ which causes loss of signal and fading, resulting in bearing errors from NDB transmissions, is due to: Options: a) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk b) Interference from other transmissions and is maximum at dusk when east of the NDB c) Static activity increasing at night particularly in the lower frequency band d) The effect of the Aurora Borealis Correct Answer: [x) a) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk] ⸻ ADF 3 Question: Quadrantal errors associated with aircraft Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) equipment are caused by: Options: a) Skywave/ground wave contamination b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces c) Signal bending caused by electrical interference from aircraft wiring d) Misalignment of the loop aerial Correct Answer: [x) b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces] ⸻ ADF 4 Question: An aeroplane is tracking away from an NDB maintaining track 020 degrees with 5 degrees starboard (right) drift. The relative bearing indicator (RBI) should indicate a bearing of? Options: a) 185 degrees relative b) 175 degrees relative c) 180 degrees relative d) 015 degrees relative Correct Answer: [x) a) 185 degrees relative] ADF 6 Question: Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? Options: a) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night b) Frequency drift at the ground station c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly during the day d) Mutual interference between aircraft aerials Correct Answer: [x) a) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night] Q7 Question: Assuming that the error caused by coastal refraction is the same for both propagations, the extent of the error in a position line plotted by an aircraft that is over water will be? Options: a) The same from both beacons when the aircraft is on a relative bearing of 180° and 360° b) Greater from the beacon that is 20 NM inland c) The same from both beacons when the aircraft is on a relative bearing of 090° and 270° d) Greater from the beacon that is 50 NM inland Correct Answer: [x) d) Greater from the beacon that is 50 NM inland] ⸻ ADF 8 Question: Errors caused by the effect of coastal refraction on bearings at lower altitudes are maximum when the NDB is: Options: a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle b) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles c) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles d) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle Correct Answer: [x) a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle] ADF 12 Question: ADF bearings by an aeroplane by day within the published protection range should be accurate to within a maximum error of: Options: a) +/- 2° b) +/- 5° c) +/- 10° d) +/- 2.5° Correct Answer: [x) b) +/- 5°] ⸻ ADF 13 Question: Which of the following is the ICAO allocated frequency band for ADF receivers? Options: a) 200 - 1750 kHz b) 255 - 455 kHz c) 300 - 3000 kHz d) 200 - 2000 kHz Correct Answer: [x) b) 255 - 455 kHz] ⸻ ADF 14 Question: In order to obtain an ADF bearing the: Options: a) Signal must be received by both the sense and loop aerials b) Sense aerial must be tuned separately c) Mode selector should be switched to ‘loop’ d) BFO switch must be selected to ‘ON’ Correct Answer: [x) a) Signal must be received by both the sense and loop aerials] ⸻ ADF 15 Question: Factors liable to affect most NDB/ADF system performance and reliability include: Options: a) Static interference – station interference – latitude error b) Height error – station interference – mountain effect c) Coastal refraction – lane slip – mountain effect d) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system Correct Answer: [x) d) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system] ⸻ ADF 16 Question: Which one of the following disturbances is most likely to cause the greatest inaccuracy in ADF bearings? Options: a) Coastal effect b) Quadrantal error c) Precipitation interference d) Local thunderstorm activity Correct Answer: [x) d) Local thunderstorm activity] ⸻ ADF 17 Question: The BFO selector on an ADF receiver is used to: Options: a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal b) Cancel interference in the receiver c) Increase the strength of signal received d) Improve battery life of the receiver Correct Answer: [x) a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal] ADF 17 Question: The BFO selector on an ADF receiver is used to: Options: a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal. b) Stop loop rotation. c) Hear the IDENT and must always be switched ON. d) Find the loop ‘null’ position. Correct Answer: [x) a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal.] ADF 18 Question: An NDB transmits a signal pattern in the horizontal plane which is: Options: a) Omnidirectional b) Bi-lobal circular c) A cardioid balanced at 30 Hz d) A beam rotating at 30 Hz Correct Answer: [x) a) Omnidirectional] ADF 21 Question: An NDB is on a relative bearing of 316 degrees from an aircraft. Given: Compass heading 270, Deviation = 2W, Variation at the aircraft = 30E, Variation at the station = 28E. Calculate the true bearing of the NDB from the aircraft? Options: a) 072 degrees b) 252 degrees c) 074 degrees d) 254 degrees Correct Answer: [x) d) 254 degrees] ⸻ ADF 22 Question: A VOR and an NDB are co-located. An aircraft equipped with an RMI is flying away from the beacons on a radial of 090 degrees through an area where magnetic variation is changing rapidly. Which statement is correct? Options: a) The VOR needle moves, the ADF needle does not b) Both VOR and ADF needles move c) Neither the VOR nor the NDB needles move d) The ADF needle moves, the VOR needle does not Correct Answer: [x) d) The ADF needle moves, the VOR needle does not] ADF 26 Question: Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? Options: a) Frequency drift at the ground station b) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly during the day d) Mutual interference between aircraft aerials Correct Answer: [x) b) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night] ADF 31 Question: What does ADF stand for? Options: a) Automatic Direction Finding b) Airport Direction Finding c) Airborne Direction Finding d) Aeroplane Direction Finding Correct Answer: [x) a) Automatic Direction Finding] ⸻ ADF 32 Question: On which of the following displays are you able to get a direct read-out (no calculation is necessary from the pilot) of the magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the NDB? Options: a) Moving and fixed card ADF b) Fixed card ADF only c) Fixed card ADF and RMI d) Moving card ADF and RMI Correct Answer: [x) d) Moving card ADF and RMI] ⸻ ADF 33 Question: The quadrantal error of an ADF? Options: a) Is caused by the refraction from the aircraft’s fuselage and is compensated for b) Is caused by interference from sky waves c) Is caused by aircraft magnetism and varies with the deviation as shown on the deviation table d) May be caused by interference of VORs within range of the ADF receiver and cannot be compensated for Correct Answer: [x) a) Is caused by the refraction from the aircraft’s fuselage and is compensated for] ⸻ ADF 34 Question: Night effect in an ADF may cause? Options: a) Noise in the received EM-wave, which hardly will be noticed by the pilots looking at the RMI b) Fluctuating indications of the needle on the rim c) A constant error in the indicated heading d) No bearing error because of the built-in compensator unit Correct Answer: [x) b) Fluctuating indications of the needle on the rim] ADF 36 Question: With regard to the range of NDBs and the accuracy of the bearings they provide it can be stated that in general at night? Options: a) The range increases and the accuracy decreases b) The range and the accuracy both decrease c) The range and the accuracy both increase d) The range decreases and the accuracy increases Correct Answer: [x) a) The range increases and the accuracy decreases] ADF 37 Question: Which statement with respect to the range of an NDB? Options: a) With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land. b) In order to double the range of an NDB, the transmission power should be increased by a factor of 16. c) The range depends on the altitude of the aircraft. d) During the night the range of an NDB will decrease due to the interference of the direct and earth reflected waves. Correct Answer: [a) With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.] ADF 38 Question: Which statement with respect to the range of an NDB in an area with constant wind and constant magnetic variation? Options: a) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal to the QDM. b) The relative bearing of the NDB should be kept 000 degrees. c) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the applied wind correction angle. d) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle. Correct Answer: [d) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle.] ⸻ ADF 39 Question: Which statement is correct for tracking towards an NDB in an area with constant wind and constant magnetic variation? Options: a) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle. b) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the applied wind correction angle. c) The relative bearing of the NDB should be kept 000 degrees. d) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal to the QDM. Correct Answer: [a) The relative bearing of the NDB should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle.] ⸻ ADF 40 Question: Allocated frequencies for NDB are? Options: a) 19 Hz to 17500 Hz. b) 1.90 kHz to 17.50 kHz. c) 190 kHz to 1750 kHz. d) 1900 kHz to 17500 kHz. Correct Answer: [c) 190 kHz to 1750 kHz.] ⸻ ADF 41 Question: ADF is the abbreviation for? Options: a) Automatic Direction Finder. b) Automatic Detection Finder. c) Aircraft Direction Finder. d) Aircraft direction Finding. Correct Answer: [a) Automatic Direction Finder.] ⸻ ADF 42 Question: The ADF indication in the cockpit is a? Options: a) True bearing on an RMI. b) Relative bearing on an RMI. c) Relative bearing on a fixed card. d) Magnetic heading on a fixed card indicator. Correct Answer: [c) Relative bearing on a fixed card.] ⸻ ADF 43 Question: NDB is the abbreviation for? Options: a) Non Directional Beacon. b) Night Directional Beacon. c) Non Directional Bearing. d) Navigation Director Beacon. Correct Answer: [a) Non Directional Beacon.] ⸻ ADF 44 Question: Concerning ADF and NDB? Options: a) NDB is a locator and ADF is an en route nav-aid. b) ADF is a ground equipment and NDB can be a ground equipment or an airborne equipment. c) ADF is a civilian equipment whereas NDB is a military equipment used by civilians too. d) NDB is a ground equipment, and ADF is an airborne equipment. Correct Answer: [d) NDB is a ground equipment, and ADF is an airborne equipment.] ⸻ ADF 45 Question: What causes the so called “night effect”? Options: a) A change in the direction of the plane of the polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere. b) The difference in velocity of the EM waves over land and over sea at night. c) The absence of the surface wave at distances larger than the skip distance. d) Interference between the ground and space waves. Correct Answer: [a) A change in the direction of the plane of the polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere.] ⸻ ADF 46 Question: Which statement about the errors and effects on NDB radio signals is correct? Options: a) Shore line effects may cause a huge bearing error due to reflection of the radio signals onto steep coasts. b) Lightning during atmospheric disturbances may cause a reduction of the signal strength that may result in only slight bearing errors. c) Night effect is a result of interference of the surface wave and the space wave causing a reduction in range. d) The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slopes of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing. Correct Answer: [d) The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slopes of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing.] Question 2 Class ‘B’ VHF DF bearings are accurate to within: Options: a) ± 1° b) ± 5° c) ± 2° d) ± 10° Correct Answer: [b) ± 5°] ⸻ Question 3 A VDF QDM given without an accuracy classification may be assumed to be accurate to within: Options: a) 2 degrees b) 5 degrees c) 7.5 degrees d) 10 degrees Correct Answer: [a) 2 degrees] Question 5 An aircraft is passed a true bearing from a VDF station of 353°. If variation is 8°E and the bearing is classified as ‘B’ then the: Options: a) QDM is 345° ± 5° b) QDR is 345° ± 2° c) QTE is 353° ± 5° d) QUJ is 353° ± 2° Correct Answer: [d) QUJ is 353° ± 2°] Question 11 Each NDB has a range promulgated in the COMM section of the AIP. Within this range, interference from other NDBs should not cause bearing errors in excess of: Options: a) day ± 5° b) night ± 10° c) day ± 6° d) night ± 5° Correct Answer: [a) day ± 5°] ⸻ Question 12 The range promulgated in the AIP and flight guides for all NDBs in the UK is the range: Options: a) within which a protection ratio of 3:1 is guaranteed by day and night b) up to which bearings can be obtained on 95% of occasions c) within which bearings obtained by day should be accurate to within 5° d) within which protection from sky wave protection is guaranteed Correct Answer: [c) within which bearings obtained by day should be accurate to within 5°] ⸻ Question 13 In order to resolve the 180° directional ambiguity of a directional LOOP aerial, its polar diagram is combined with that of a SENSE aerial … to produce a … whose single null ensures the ADF needle moves the shortest distance to indicate the correct … Options: a) at the aircraft, cardioid, radial b) at the transmitter, limacon, bearing c) at the aircraft, limacon, bearing d) at the aircraft, cardioid, bearing Correct Answer: [c) at the aircraft, limacon, bearing] ⸻ Question 14 The protection ratio afforded to NDBs in the UK within the promulgated range (DOC) applies: Options: a) by day only b) by night only c) both day and night d) at dawn and dusk Correct Answer: [c) both day and night] ⸻ Question 15 The phenomena of coastal refraction affecting ADF bearings is caused by the signal … when it reaches the coastline and bending … the normal to the coast: Options: a) accelerating — towards b) decelerating — towards c) accelerating — away from d) decelerating — away from Correct Answer: [c) accelerating — away from] ⸻ Question 16 In an ADF system, night effect is most pronounced: Options: a) during long winter nights b) when the aircraft is at low altitude c) when the aircraft is at high altitude d) at dusk and dawn Correct Answer: [d) at dusk and dawn] ⸻ Question 17 When the induced signals from the loop and the sense antenna are combined in an ADF receiver, the resultant polar diagram is: Options: a) a limacon b) a cardioid c) figure of eight shaped d) circular Correct Answer: [b) a cardioid] ⸻ Question 18 When flying over the sea and using an inland NDB to fix position with a series of position lines, the plotted position in relation to the aircraft’s actual position will be: Options: a) further from the coast b) closer to the coast c) co-incident d) inaccurate due to the transmitted wave front decelerating Correct Answer: [b) closer to the coast] Question 1 The phenomenon of coastal refraction which affects the accuracy of ADF bearings: a) is most marked at night b) can be minimized by using beacons situated well inland c) can be minimized by taking bearings where the signal crosses the coastline at right angles d) is most marked one hour before and one hour after sunrise and sunset Correct Answer: [c) can be minimized by taking bearings where the signal crosses the coastline at right angles] ⸻ Question 2 An aircraft is intending to track from NDB ‘A’ to NDB ‘B’ on a track of 050°(T), heading 060°(T). If the RBI shows the relative bearing of ‘A’ to be 180° and the relative bearing of ‘B’ to be 330° then the aircraft is: a) port of track and nearer ‘A’ b) port of track and nearer ‘B’ c) starboard of track and nearer ‘A’ d) starboard of track and nearer ‘B’ Correct Answer: [d) starboard of track and nearer ‘B’] ⸻ Question 3 ADF quadrantal error is caused by: a) static build up on the airframe and St. Elmo’s Fire b) the aircraft’s major electrical axis, the fuselage, reflecting and re-radiating the incoming NDB transmissions c) station interference and/or night effect d) NDB signals speeding up and bending as they cross from a land to water propagation path Correct Answer: [b) the aircraft’s major electrical axis, the fuselage, reflecting and re-radiating the incoming NDB transmissions] ⸻ Question 4 The overall accuracy of ADF bearings by day within the promulgated range (DOC) is: a) ± 3° b) ± 5° c) ± 6° d) ± 10° Correct Answer: [b) ± 5°] ⸻ Question 6 The magnitude of the error in position lines derived from ADF bearings that are affected by coastal refraction may be reduced by: a) selecting beacons situated well inland b) only using beacons within the designated operational coverage c) choosing NONA2A beacons d) choosing beacons on or near the coast Correct Answer: [d) choosing beacons on or near the coast] Question 8 The BFO facility on ADF equipment should be used as follows when an NDB having NONA1A type emission is to be used: a) BFO on for tuning and identification but may be turned off for monitoring b) BFO on for tuning but can be turned off for monitoring and identification purpose c) BFO off during tuning, identification and monitoring because this type of emission is not modulated d) BFO should be switched on for tuning, ident and monitoring Correct Answer: [d) BFO should be switched on for tuning, ident and monitoring] ⸻ Question 9 The protection ratio of 3:1 that is provided within the promulgated range/designated operational coverage of an NDB by day cannot be guaranteed at night because of: a) long range sky wave interference from other transmitters b) sky wave signals from the NDB to which you are tuned c) the increased skip distance that occurs at night d) the possibility of sporadic E returns occurring at night Correct Answer: [a) long range sky wave interference from other transmitters] Question 19 An aircraft on a heading of 235°(M) shows an RMI reading of 090° with respect to an NDB. Any quadrantal error which is affecting the accuracy of this bearing is likely to be: a) a maximum value b) a very small value c) zero, since quadrantal error affects only the RBI d) zero, since quadrantal error affects only the VOR Correct Answer: [a) a maximum value] ⸻ Question 20 The principal propagation path employed in an NDB/ADF system is: a) sky wave b) surface wave c) direct wave d) ducted wave Correct Answer: [b) surface wave] VDF 44 Which of the following affects VDF range? a) Coastal refraction. b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver. c) The strength of the pilot’s voice when transmitting. d) Sky wave propagation. Correct Answer: [b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver.]

Question 179

VDF 33 Question: VDF measures the bearing of the aircraft with? Options: A. Reference to the aircraft relative bearing B. Reference to the true and magnetic north at the station C. Reference to the true and magnetic north at the aircraft D. Reference to magnetic north at the aircraft ⸻

Answer 179

Correct Answer: [x) B. Reference to the true and magnetic north at the station

Question 180

VDF 34 Question: The VDF Class B bearing is accurate to within? Options: A. +/- 1 degrees B. +/- 5 degrees C. +/- 3 degrees D. +/- 2 degrees ⸻

Answer 180

Correct Answer: [x) B. +/- 5 degrees

Question 181

VDF 35 Question: When would VDF be used for a position fix? Options: A. When declaring an emergency on 121.5 MHz B. When the aircraft declares an emergency on any frequency C. When first talking to an FIR on crossing an international boundary D. When joining controlled airspace from uncontrolled airspace ⸻

Answer 181

Correct Answer: [x) A. When declaring an emergency on 121.5 MHz]

Question 182

VDF 36 Question: What airborne equipment, if any, is required to be fitted in order that a VDF let-down may be flown? Options: A. VOR/DME B. VHF Radio C. None D. VOR ⸻

Answer 182

Correct Answer: [x) B. VHF Radio]

Question 183

VDF 37 Question: An aircraft wishing to use the VDF service must? Options: A. Be within 10 nautical miles of the VDF aerial B. Transmit a signal for a long enough period for the bearing to be established C. Be equipped with a VOR indicator unit D. Ask the controller to transmit for a long enough period to establish the bearing ⸻

Answer 183

Correct Answer: [x) B. Transmit a signal for a long enough period for the bearing to be established]

Question 184

VDF 38 Question: What equipment does an aircraft need when carrying out a VDF let-down? Options: A. None B. VOR C. VOR/DME D. VHF Radio ⸻

Answer 184

Correct Answer: [x) D. VHF Radio]

Question 185

VDF 39 Question: The minimum airborne equipment required for operation of a VHF Direction Finder is a? Options: A. VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range B. VHF Compass operating in the 200 kHz to 1750 kHz range C. Cathode ray tube D. VHF receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range ⸻

Answer 185

Correct Answer: [x) A. VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range]

Question 186

VDF 40 Question: When conducting a QGH approach responsibility for interpreting the procedure rests with …… And on a QDM approach responsibility rests with ……? Options: A. The controller, the controller B. The pilot, the pilot C. The pilot, the controller D. The controller, the pilot ⸻

Answer 186

Correct Answer: [x) D. The controller, the pilot]

Question 187

VDF 41 Question: Ground direction finding at aerodromes utilises which frequencies? Options: A. VHF at civil aerodromes, VHF at military aerodromes B. VHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes C. UHF at civil aerodromes, VHF at military aerodromes D. UHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes ⸻

Answer 187

Correct Answer: [x) B. VHF at civil aerodromes, UHF at military aerodromes]

Question 188

VDF 42 Question: The range at which you can obtain a VDF bearing can be influenced by? Options: A. Intensity of ionisation B. Surface type C. Aircraft height D. Time of day ⸻

Answer 188

Correct Answer: [x) C. Aircraft height]

Question 189

VDF 43 Question: What is the purpose of a ground direction finder? Options: A. To map airfields B. To aid ground movements C. To aid pilot navigation D. To assist planners in the construction of airfield approaches

Answer 189

Correct Answer: [x) C. To aid pilot navigation

Question 190

VDF 32 Question: By selecting one VHF frequency, in the range 108 to 112 MHz, on the Nav receiver? Options: a) Rho-theta information from an enroute VOR/DME can be obtained. b) Rho-theta information from an ILS/DME can be obtained. c) Rho-theta information from a terminal VOR/DME can be obtained. d) Rho-theta information from enroute VORs can be obtained.

Answer 190

Correct Answer: [x) c) Rho-theta information from a terminal VOR/DME can be obtained.] 

Question 191

Which of the following affects VDF range? a) Coastal refraction. b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver. c) The strength of the pilot’s voice when transmitting. d) Sky wave propagation.

Answer 191

Correct Answer: [b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver.]

Question 192

Q55. In the VDF system directional antennas are used? Options: a) At the ground installation. b) In the aircraft. c) In the aircraft and at the ground installation. d) No directional antennas are used. ⸻

Answer 192

Correct Answer: [x) a) At the ground installation]

Question 193

VDF 56. The pilot of an aeroplane requesting a VDF bearing should? Options: a) Avoid banking when transmitting. b) Not pass over the VDF station. c) Transmit on 121.5 MHz. d) Ensure that radio silence is maintained. ⸻

Answer 193

Correct Answer: [x) a) Avoid banking when transmitting]

Question 194

VDF 57. Which of the following statements regarding VHF Direction Finding (VDF) is most accurate? Options: a) It is simple and only requires a VHF radio on the ground. b) It is simple and requires a VHF radio and direction finding equipment in the aeroplane. c) It is simple and requires a VHF radio on the ground and in the aeroplane. d) It uses line of sight propagation. ⸻

Answer 194

Correct Answer: [x) d) It uses line of sight propagation]

Question 195

VDF 58. Which of the following is an advantage of VDF? Options: a) No equipment is required in the aircraft. b) No special equipment is required in the aircraft or on the ground. c) Only a VHF radio is required in the aircraft. d) It is pilot interpreted, so ATC is not required. ⸻

Answer 195

Correct Answer: [x) c) Only a VHF radio is required in the aircraft]

Question 196

VDF 59. With reference to ground DF, the controller can refuse to give a bearing if? Options: a) The requesting aircraft is not from a consenting country. b) The pilot does not use the prescribed terminology. c) Conditions are poor and bearings do not fall the station’s classifications limits. d) None of the above. ⸻

Answer 196

Correct Answer: [x) c) Conditions are poor and bearings do not fall the station’s classifications limits]

Question 197

VDF 60. An aircraft receives a Class A true bearing from a VDF station. This is? Options: a) QTE accurate to +/- 2 degrees. b) QUJ accurate to +/- 2 degrees. c) QTE accurate to +/- 5 degrees. d) QUJ accurate to +/- 5 degrees. ⸻

Answer 197

Correct Answer: [x) a) QTE accurate to +/- 2 degrees]

Question 198

VDF 61. A Class C magnetic bearing is received from a station. This is? Options: a) QUJ accurate to +/- 5 degrees. b) QDM accurate to +/- 10 degrees. c) QTE accurate to +/- 5 degrees. d) QDR accurate to +/- 10 degrees. ⸻

Answer 198

Correct Answer: [x) d) QDR accurate to +/- 10 degrees]

Question 199

VDF 62. When the pilot is conducting a QDM/QGH procedure, he will require? Options: a) No operator on the ground for either VDF or QGH procedures. b) An operator on the ground only for VDF procedure. c) An operator on the ground only for QGH procedure. d) An operator on the ground for both VDF and QGH procedures. ⸻

Answer 199

Correct Answer: [x) d) An operator on the ground for both VDF and QGH procedures]

Question 200

VDF 63. The VDF homer service provides? Options: a) Accurate bearings on demand. b) Bearings, which may be affected by synchronous transmissions. c) A QGH procedure to transiting aircraft. d) Bearings, which will normally be within +/- 5 degrees accuracy to a 20 nm range. ⸻

Answer 200

Correct Answer: [x) d) Bearings, which will normally be within +/- 5 degrees accuracy to a 20 nm range]

Question 201

VDF 64. The minimum airborne equipment required for operation of a VHF Direction Finder is? Options: a) VHF Compass operating in the 500 kHz to 1000 kHz range. b) Course Deviation Indicator (CDI). c) VHF receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range. d) VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range. ⸻

Answer 201

Correct Answer: [x) d) VHF Transmitter-receiver operating in the 118 MHz to 136 MHz range]

Question 202

Q67 Question: A Class B bearing has accuracy limits of plus or minus? Options: a) 2 degrees b) 3 degrees c) 5 degrees d) 7 degrees ⸻

Answer 202

Correct Answer: [x) c) 5 degrees]

Question 203

Q68 Question: VDF for aeronautical use provides service in the frequency range? Options: a) 108 to 118 MHz b) 108 to 136 MHz c) 118 to 136 MHz d) 130 to 300 MHz ⸻

Answer 203

Correct Answer: [x) c) 118 to 136 MHz

Question 204

Q69 Question: In flight a pilot can improve the range of his transmission with a VDF operator by? Options: a) Increasing altitude b) Decreasing altitude c) Speaking louder d) Flying out of clouds ⸻

Answer 204

Correct Answer: [x) a) Increasing altitude]

Question 205

Q70 Question: What is the Q code for a magnetic bearing from a VDF station? Options: a) QNH b) QTE c) QDR d) QDM ⸻

Answer 205

Correct Answer: [x) c) QDR]

Question 206

ADF 1 Question: A radio beacon has an operational range of 10 NM. By what factor should the transmitter power be increased in order to achieve an operational range of 20 NM? Options: a) Six b) Eight c) Two d) Four ⸻

Answer 206

Correct Answer: [x) d) Four]

Question 207

ADF 2 Question: ‘Night Effect’ which causes loss of signal and fading, resulting in bearing errors from NDB transmissions, is due to: Options: a) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk b) Interference from other transmissions and is maximum at dusk when east of the NDB c) Static activity increasing at night particularly in the lower frequency band d) The effect of the Aurora Borealis ⸻

Answer 207

Correct Answer: [x) a) Skywave distortion of the null position and is maximum at dawn and dusk]

Question 208

ADF 3 Question: Quadrantal errors associated with aircraft Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) equipment are caused by: Options: a) Skywave/ground wave contamination b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces c) Signal bending caused by electrical interference from aircraft wiring d) Misalignment of the loop aerial ⸻

Answer 208

Correct Answer: [x) b) Signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces]

Question 209

ADF 4 Question: An aeroplane is tracking away from an NDB maintaining track 020 degrees with 5 degrees starboard (right) drift. The relative bearing indicator (RBI) should indicate a bearing of? Options: a) 185 degrees relative b) 175 degrees relative c) 180 degrees relative d) 015 degrees relative

Answer 209

Correct Answer: [x) a) 185 degrees relative]

Question 210

ADF 6 Question: Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? Options: a) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night b) Frequency drift at the ground station c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly during the day d) Mutual interference between aircraft aerials

Answer 210

Correct Answer: [x) a) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night]

Question 211

Q7 Question: Assuming that the error caused by coastal refraction is the same for both propagations, the extent of the error in a position line plotted by an aircraft that is over water will be? Options: a) The same from both beacons when the aircraft is on a relative bearing of 180° and 360° b) Greater from the beacon that is 20 NM inland c) The same from both beacons when the aircraft is on a relative bearing of 090° and 270° d) Greater from the beacon that is 50 NM inland ⸻

Answer 211

Correct Answer: [x) d) Greater from the beacon that is 50 NM inland]

Question 212

ADF 8 Question: Errors caused by the effect of coastal refraction on bearings at lower altitudes are maximum when the NDB is: Options: a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle b) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles c) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at right angles d) Near the coast and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle

Answer 212

Correct Answer: [x) a) Inland and the bearing crosses the coast at an acute angle]

Question 213

ADF 12 Question: ADF bearings by an aeroplane by day within the published protection range should be accurate to within a maximum error of: Options: a) +/- 2° b) +/- 5° c) +/- 10° d) +/- 2.5° ⸻

Answer 213

Correct Answer: [x) b) +/- 5°]

Question 214

ADF 13 Question: Which of the following is the ICAO allocated frequency band for ADF receivers? Options: a) 200 - 1750 kHz b) 255 - 455 kHz c) 300 - 3000 kHz d) 200 - 2000 kHz ⸻

Answer 214

Correct Answer: [x) a) 200 - 1750 kHz

Question 215

ADF 14 Question: In order to obtain an ADF bearing the: Options: a) Signal must be received by both the sense and loop aerials b) Sense aerial must be tuned separately c) Mode selector should be switched to ‘loop’ d) BFO switch must be selected to ‘ON’ ⸻

Answer 215

Correct Answer: [x) a) Signal must be received by both the sense and loop aerials]

Question 216

ADF 15 Question: Factors liable to affect most NDB/ADF system performance and reliability include: Options: a) Static interference – station interference – latitude error b) Height error – station interference – mountain effect c) Coastal refraction – lane slip – mountain effect d) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system ⸻

Answer 216

Correct Answer: [x) d) Static interference – night effect – absence of failure warning system]

Question 217

ADF 16 Question: Which one of the following disturbances is most likely to cause the greatest inaccuracy in ADF bearings? Options: a) Coastal effect b) Quadrantal error c) Precipitation interference d) Local thunderstorm activity ⸻

Answer 217

Correct Answer: [x) d) Local thunderstorm activity]

Question 218

ADF 17 Question: The BFO selector on an ADF receiver is used to: Options: a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal b) Cancel interference in the receiver c) Increase the strength of signal received d) Improve battery life of the receiver

Answer 218

Correct Answer: [x) a) Hear the IDENT of some NDB stations radiating a continuous wave signal]

Question 219

ADF 18 Question: An NDB transmits a signal pattern in the horizontal plane which is: Options: a) Omnidirectional b) Bi-lobal circular c) A cardioid balanced at 30 Hz d) A beam rotating at 30 Hz

Answer 219

Correct Answer: [x) a) Omnidirectional]

Question 220

ADF 22 Question: A VOR and an NDB are co-located. An aircraft equipped with an RMI is flying away from the beacons on a radial of 090 degrees through an area where magnetic variation is changing rapidly. Which statement is correct? Options: a) The VOR needle moves, the ADF needle does not b) Both VOR and ADF needles move c) Neither the VOR nor the NDB needles move d) The ADF needle moves, the VOR needle does not

Answer 220

Correct Answer: [x) d) The ADF needle moves, the VOR needle does not]

Question 221

ADF 26 Question: Which of the following is likely to have the greatest effect on ADF accuracy? Options: a) Frequency drift at the ground station b) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night c) Interference from other NDBs, particularly during the day d) Mutual interference between aircraft aerials

Answer 221

Correct Answer: [x) b) Interference from other NDBs, particularly at night]

Question 222

ADF 31 Question: What does ADF stand for? Options: a) Automatic Direction Finding b) Airport Direction Finding c) Airborne Direction Finding d) Aeroplane Direction Finding ⸻

Answer 222

Correct Answer: [x) a) Automatic Direction Finding]

Question 223

ADF 32 Question: On which of the following displays are you able to get a direct read-out (no calculation is necessary from the pilot) of the magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the NDB? Options: a) Moving and fixed card ADF b) Fixed card ADF only c) Fixed card ADF and RMI d) Moving card ADF and RMI ⸻

Answer 223

Correct Answer: [x) d) Moving card ADF and RMI]

Question 224

ADF 33 Question: The quadrantal error of an ADF? Options: a) Is caused by the refraction from the aircraft’s fuselage and is compensated for b) Is caused by interference from sky waves c) Is caused by aircraft magnetism and varies with the deviation as shown on the deviation table d) May be caused by interference of VORs within range of the ADF receiver and cannot be compensated for ⸻

Answer 224

Correct Answer: [x) a) Is caused by the refraction from the aircraft’s fuselage and is compensated for]

Question 225

ADF 34 Question: Night effect in an ADF may cause? Options: a) Noise in the received EM-wave, which hardly will be noticed by the pilots looking at the RMI b) Fluctuating indications of the needle on the rim c) A constant error in the indicated heading d) No bearing error because of the built-in compensator unit

Answer 225

Correct Answer: [x) b) Fluctuating indications of the needle on the rim]

Question 226

ADF 36 Question: With regard to the range of NDBs and the accuracy of the bearings they provide it can be stated that in general at night? Options: a) The range increases and the accuracy decreases b) The range and the accuracy both decrease c) The range and the accuracy both increase d) The range decreases and the accuracy increases

Answer 226

Correct Answer: [x) a) The range increases and the accuracy decreases]

Question 227

ADF 37 Question: Which statement with respect to the range of an NDB? Options: a) With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land. b) In order to double the range of an NDB, the transmission power should be increased by a factor of 16. c) The range depends on the altitude of the aircraft. d) During the night the range of an NDB will decrease due to the interference of the direct and earth reflected waves.

Answer 227

Correct Answer: [a) With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.]

Question 228

ADF 40 Question: Allocated frequencies for NDB are? Options: a) 19 Hz to 17500 Hz. b) 1.90 kHz to 17.50 kHz. c) 190 kHz to 1750 kHz. d) 1900 kHz to 17500 kHz. ⸻

Answer 228

Correct Answer: [c) 190 kHz to 1750 kHz.]

Question 229

ADF 41 Question: ADF is the abbreviation for? Options: a) Automatic Direction Finder. b) Automatic Detection Finder. c) Aircraft Direction Finder. d) Aircraft direction Finding. ⸻

Answer 229

Correct Answer: [a) Automatic Direction Finder.]

Question 230

ADF 42 Question: The ADF indication in the cockpit is a? Options: a) True bearing on an RMI. b) Relative bearing on an RMI. c) Relative bearing on a fixed card. d) Magnetic heading on a fixed card indicator. ⸻

Answer 230

Correct Answer: [c) Relative bearing on a fixed card.]

Question 231

ADF 43 Question: NDB is the abbreviation for? Options: a) Non Directional Beacon. b) Night Directional Beacon. c) Non Directional Bearing. d) Navigation Director Beacon. ⸻

Answer 231

Correct Answer: [a) Non Directional Beacon.]

Question 232

ADF 44 Question: Concerning ADF and NDB? Options: a) NDB is a locator and ADF is an en route nav-aid. b) ADF is a ground equipment and NDB can be a ground equipment or an airborne equipment. c) ADF is a civilian equipment whereas NDB is a military equipment used by civilians too. d) NDB is a ground equipment, and ADF is an airborne equipment. ⸻

Answer 232

Correct Answer: [d) NDB is a ground equipment, and ADF is an airborne equipment.]

Question 233

ADF 45 Question: What causes the so called “night effect”? Options: a) A change in the direction of the plane of the polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere. b) The difference in velocity of the EM waves over land and over sea at night. c) The absence of the surface wave at distances larger than the skip distance. d) Interference between the ground and space waves. ⸻

Answer 233

Correct Answer: [a) A change in the direction of the plane of the polarisation due to reflection in the ionosphere.]

Question 234

ADF 46 Question: Which statement about the errors and effects on NDB radio signals is correct? Options: a) Shore line effects may cause a huge bearing error due to reflection of the radio signals onto steep coasts. b) Lightning during atmospheric disturbances may cause a reduction of the signal strength that may result in only slight bearing errors. c) Night effect is a result of interference of the surface wave and the space wave causing a reduction in range. d) The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slopes of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing.

Answer 234

Correct Answer: [d) The mountain effect is caused by reflections onto steep slopes of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in the bearing.]

Question 235

Question 2 Class ‘B’ VHF DF bearings are accurate to within: Options: a) ± 1° b) ± 5° c) ± 2° d) ± 10° ⸻

Answer 235

Correct Answer: [b) ± 5°]

Question 236

Question 3 A VDF QDM given without an accuracy classification may be assumed to be accurate to within: Options: a) 2 degrees b) 5 degrees c) 7.5 degrees d) 10 degrees

Answer 236

Correct Answer: b) 5 degrees

Question 237

Question 5 An aircraft is passed a true bearing from a VDF station of 353°. If variation is 8°E and the bearing is classified as ‘B’ then the: Options: a) QDM is 345° ± 5° b) QDR is 345° ± 2° c) QTE is 353° ± 5° d) QUJ is 353° ± 2°

Answer 237

Correct Answer: c) QTE is 353° ± 5°

Question 238

Question 11 Each NDB has a range promulgated in the COMM section of the AIP. Within this range, interference from other NDBs should not cause bearing errors in excess of: Options: a) day ± 5° b) night ± 10° c) day ± 6° d) night ± 5° ⸻

Answer 238

Correct Answer: [a) day ± 5°]

Question 239

Question 12 The range promulgated in the AIP and flight guides for all NDBs in the UK is the range: Options: a) within which a protection ratio of 3:1 is guaranteed by day and night b) up to which bearings can be obtained on 95% of occasions c) within which bearings obtained by day should be accurate to within 5° d) within which protection from sky wave protection is guaranteed ⸻

Answer 239

Correct Answer: [c) within which bearings obtained by day should be accurate to within 5°]

Question 240

Question 13 In order to resolve the 180° directional ambiguity of a directional LOOP aerial, its polar diagram is combined with that of a SENSE aerial … to produce a … whose single null ensures the ADF needle moves the shortest distance to indicate the correct … Options: a) at the aircraft, cardioid, radial b) at the transmitter, limacon, bearing c) at the aircraft, limacon, bearing d) at the aircraft, cardioid, bearing

Answer 240

Correct Answer: [d) at the aircraft, cardioid, bearing ⸻

Question 241

Question 14 The protection ratio afforded to NDBs in the UK within the promulgated range (DOC) applies: Options: a) by day only b) by night only c) both day and night d) at dawn and dusk ⸻

Answer 241

Correct Answer: [a) by day only

Question 242

Question 15 The phenomena of coastal refraction affecting ADF bearings is caused by the signal … when it reaches the coastline and bending … the normal to the coast: Options: a) accelerating — towards b) decelerating — towards c) accelerating — away from d) decelerating — away from ⸻

Answer 242

Correct Answer: [c) accelerating — away from]

Question 243

Question 16 In an ADF system, night effect is most pronounced: Options: a) during long winter nights b) when the aircraft is at low altitude c) when the aircraft is at high altitude d) at dusk and dawn ⸻

Answer 243

Correct Answer: [d) at dusk and dawn]

Question 244

Question 17 When the induced signals from the loop and the sense antenna are combined in an ADF receiver, the resultant polar diagram is: Options: a) a limacon b) a cardioid c) figure of eight shaped d) circular ⸻

Answer 244

Correct Answer: [b) a cardioid]

Question 245

Question 18 When flying over the sea and using an inland NDB to fix position with a series of position lines, the plotted position in relation to the aircraft’s actual position will be: Options: a) further from the coast b) closer to the coast c) co-incident d) inaccurate due to the transmitted wave front decelerating

Answer 245

Correct Answer: [b) closer to the coast]

Question 246

Question 1 The phenomenon of coastal refraction which affects the accuracy of ADF bearings: a) is most marked at night b) can be minimized by using beacons situated well inland c) can be minimized by taking bearings where the signal crosses the coastline at right angles d) is most marked one hour before and one hour after sunrise and sunset ⸻

Answer 246

Correct Answer: [c) can be minimized by taking bearings where the signal crosses the coastline at right angles]

Question 247

Question 2 An aircraft is intending to track from NDB ‘A’ to NDB ‘B’ on a track of 050°(T), heading 060°(T). If the RBI shows the relative bearing of ‘A’ to be 180° and the relative bearing of ‘B’ to be 330° then the aircraft is: a) port of track and nearer ‘A’ b) port of track and nearer ‘B’ c) starboard of track and nearer ‘A’ d) starboard of track and nearer ‘B’

Answer 247

Correct Answer: [d) starboard of track and nearer ‘B’] ⸻

Question 248

Question 3 ADF quadrantal error is caused by: a) static build up on the airframe and St. Elmo’s Fire b) the aircraft’s major electrical axis, the fuselage, reflecting and re-radiating the incoming NDB transmissions c) station interference and/or night effect d) NDB signals speeding up and bending as they cross from a land to water propagation path ⸻

Answer 248

Correct Answer: [b) the aircraft’s major electrical axis, the fuselage, reflecting and re-radiating the incoming NDB transmissions]

Question 249

Question 4 The overall accuracy of ADF bearings by day within the promulgated range (DOC) is: a) ± 3° b) ± 5° c) ± 6° d) ± 10° ⸻

Answer 249

Correct Answer: [b) ± 5°]

Question 250

Question 6 The magnitude of the error in position lines derived from ADF bearings that are affected by coastal refraction may be reduced by: a) selecting beacons situated well inland b) only using beacons within the designated operational coverage c) choosing NONA2A beacons d) choosing beacons on or near the coast

Answer 250

Correct Answer: [d) choosing beacons on or near the coast]

Question 251

Question 8 The BFO facility on ADF equipment should be used as follows when an NDB having NONA1A type emission is to be used: a) BFO on for tuning and identification but may be turned off for monitoring b) BFO on for tuning but can be turned off for monitoring and identification purpose c) BFO off during tuning, identification and monitoring because this type of emission is not modulated d) BFO should be switched on for tuning, ident and monitoring ⸻

Answer 251

Correct Answer: [d) BFO should be switched on for tuning, ident and monitoring]

Question 252

Question 9 The protection ratio of 3:1 that is provided within the promulgated range/designated operational coverage of an NDB by day cannot be guaranteed at night because of: a) long range sky wave interference from other transmitters b) sky wave signals from the NDB to which you are tuned c) the increased skip distance that occurs at night d) the possibility of sporadic E returns occurring at night

Answer 252

Correct Answer: [a) long range sky wave interference from other transmitters]

Question 253

Question 19 An aircraft on a heading of 235°(M) shows an RMI reading of 090° with respect to an NDB. Any quadrantal error which is affecting the accuracy of this bearing is likely to be: a) a maximum value b) a very small value c) zero, since quadrantal error affects only the RBI d) zero, since quadrantal error affects only the VOR ⸻

Answer 253

Correct Answer: [a) a maximum value]

Question 254

Question 20 The principal propagation path employed in an NDB/ADF system is: a) sky wave b) surface wave c) direct wave d) ducted wave ]

Answer 254

Correct Answer: [b) surface wave]

Question 255

VDF 44 Which of the following affects VDF range? a) Coastal refraction. b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver. c) The strength of the pilot’s voice when transmitting. d) Sky wave propagation.

Answer 255

Correct Answer: [b) The height of the transmitter and the receiver.

Question 256

Q1. Which of the following would not trigger the warning flag on VOR indicators? a) Site error becoming greater than 1° b) Standby station coming online c) Ground monitor failure

Answer 256

Correct Answer: a) Site error becoming greater than 1°

Question 257

Q7. A VOR receiver check can be made: a) Any where on the ground b) At designated check point on airport surface c) Any where in the air/ground Correct Answer: b) At designated check point on airport surface ⸻ Q8. DVOR works on the principle of a) Measuring Doppler frequency shift between fixed and variable signal b) Measuring phase difference between fixed and variable signal c) Measuring time difference induced by Doppler frequency shift in single signal Correct Answer: b) Measuring phase difference between fixed and variable signal ⸻ Q9. If an aircraft flies along a VOR radial it will follow a: a) Constant magnetic track b) Great circle track c) Rhumb line track Correct Answer: b) Great circle track ⸻ Q10. An omni-bearing selector (OBS) shows full deflection to the left when within range of a serviceable VOR. What angular deviation are you from the selected radial? a) 1.5° or more b) 2.5° or more c) 10° or more Correct Answer: c) 10° or more ⸻ Q11. The two signals transmitted by a conventional VOR ground station are 90° out of phase on magnetic: a) North b) West c) East Correct Answer: c) East ⸻ Q12. The frequency range of a VOR receiver is: a) 108 to 135.95 MHz b) 108 to 117.95 MHz c) 118 to 135.95 MHz Correct Answer: b) 108 to 117.95 MHz ⸻ Q14. Which of the following statements concerning the variable, or directional, signal of a conventional VOR is correct? a) The receiver adds 30Hz to the variable signal before combining it with the reference signal b) The transmitter changes the frequency of the variable signal by 30Hz either side of the allocated frequency each time it rotates c) The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30Hz amplitude modulation Correct Answer: c) The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30Hz amplitude modulation ⸻ Q15. In which frequency band do VOR transmitters operate? a) SHF b) EHF c) VHF Correct Answer: c) VHF Q17. In order to plot a bearing from a VOR station, a pilot needs to know the magnetic variation: a) at the half-way point between the aircraft and the station b) at the aircraft location c) at the VOR Correct Answer: c) at the VOR ⸻ Q20. The principle used in VOR bearing measurement is: a) envelope matching b) beat frequency discrimination c) phase comparison Correct Answer: c) phase comparison ⸻ Q21. Transmissions from VOR facilities may be adversely affected by: a) night effect b) quadrantal error c) uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces Correct Answer: c) uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces ⸻ Q22. If VOR bearing information is used beyond the published protection range, errors could be caused by: a) interference from other transmitters b) noise from precipitation static exceeding the signal strength of the transmitter c) sky wave interference from distant transmitters on the same frequency Correct Answer: a) interference from other transmitters ⸻ Q24. The VOR system is limited to about 1° of accuracy. One degree at 200NM represents a width of: a) 2.5NM b) 3.5NM c) 2.0NM Correct Answer: b) 3.5NM ⸻ Q29. The TO/FROM indicator of a VOR: a) Tells whether a track equal to the selected bearing will bring you to or away from the VOR b) Tells whether you are now flying towards or from the VOR c) Tells whether you should turn the aircraft towards or away from the CDI indication Correct Answer: a) Tells whether a track equal to the selected bearing will bring you to or away from the VOR ⸻ Q30. An aircraft is tracking inbound to a VOR beacon on the 105 radial. The setting the pilot should put on the OBS and the CDI indications are: a) 105, TO b) 285, FROM c) 285, TO Correct Answer: c) 285, TO ⸻ Q31. The principle advantage of Doppler VOR is that: a) a readout of range as well as bearing is obtained b) transmitter frequency instability is minimised c) site errors are considerably reduced Correct Answer: c) site errors are considerably reduced Q15 An RMI indicates aircraft heading. To convert the RMI bearings of NDBs and VORs to true bearings the correct combination for the application of magnetic variation is: a) NDB: aircraft position, VOR: aircraft position b) NDB: aircraft position, VOR: beacon position c) NDB: beacon position, VOR: aircraft position Correct Answer: b) NDB: aircraft position, VOR: beacon position ⸻ Q16 If you correctly tuned in a VOT situated to your east, your RMI should read … and … your OBS would read … a) 090; 090 with needle central and FROM indicated. b) 000; 000 with needle central and TO indicated. c) 000; 000 with needle central and FROM indicated. Correct Answer: c) 000; 000 with needle central and FROM indicated. ⸻ Q17 An RMI slaved to a remote indicating compass has gone unserviceable and is locked on to a reading of 090°. The tail of the VOR pointer shows 135°. The available information from the VOR is: a) Radial unknown, relative bearing 045° b) Radial 135°, relative bearing unknown c) Radial 315°, relative bearing unknown Correct Answer: b) Radial 135°, relative bearing unknown Q32 When a maximum range and altitude is published for a VOR? a) The terrain will cause bends and/or scalloping on the VOR signal and make it inaccurate outside standards in the airspace outside the published airspace. b) The reception from this VOR is guaranteed free from harmful interference from other VORs when you are within this airspace. c) The signal from the VOR will be too weak to provide information when you are outside this airspace. Correct Answer: b) The reception from this VOR is guaranteed free from harmful interference from other VORs when you are within this airspace. ⸻ Q34 During maintenance, malfunction or testing the identification signal of a VOR transmitter is (i) by (ii) or (iii). a) (i) suppressed; (ii) a modulated tone; (iii) suppression b) (i) suppressed; (ii) a continuous tone; (iii) removed c) (i) replaced; (ii) a continuous tone; (iii) morse letter S Correct Answer: b) (i) suppressed; (ii) a continuous tone; (iii) removed ⸻ Q27 Aircraft heading 225°(M), ADF RMI reading 090°. The quadrantal error of this bearing: a) not much. b) proportional to sine heading times the signal strength. c) maximum. Correct Answer: c) maximum. ⸻ Q29 An aircraft is flying on a heading of 270°(M). The VOR OBS is also set to 270° with the full left deflection and FROM flag displayed. In which sector is the aircraft from the VOR ground station? a) NE b) SW c) NW Correct Answer: c) NW ⸻ Q32 Aircraft heading is 080° deg (M). OBS is selected to 060 deg. Aircraft is on a radial of 040 deg (M). To/From indication and CDI will show: a) From/ fly right b) To/ fly right c) To/ fly left Correct Answer: a) From/ fly right ⸻ Q33 An aircraft is heading 055°, RMI reading 060°. After some time RMI reads 057° with no change of heading. Aircraft has drifted: a) Port b) Starboard c) Not drifted Correct Answer: b) Starboard Q14 The heading read on a standard RMI is: a) The True heading. b) The relative heading. c) The magnetic heading. Correct Answer: c) The magnetic heading. Q27 The normal maximum error which might be expected with a VOR bearing obtained within the DOC is: a) plus or minus 1° b) plus or minus 2° c) plus or minus 5° d) plus or minus 10° Correct Answer: c) plus or minus 5° Q1. Assuming the maximum likely error in VOR to be 5.5°, what is the maximum distance apart that beacons can be situated on the centre line of a UK airway in order that an aircraft can guarantee remaining within the airway boundary? a) 54.5 NM b) 109 NM c) 66 NM d) 132 NM Correct Answer: b) 109 NM ⸻ Q2. The Designated Operational Coverage quoted for VOR beacons in the COMM section of the AIP: a) is only applicable by day b) guarantees a protection ratio of at least 3 to 1 by day and night c) defines the airspace within which an aircraft is assured of protection from interference from other VORs on the same channel d) is determined by the type of surface over which the signal will have to travel Correct Answer: c) defines the airspace within which an aircraft is assured of protection from interference from other VORs on the same channel ⸻ ⸻ Q5. A conventional VOR: a) has an FM reference signal and an AM variable signal b) has a 150 Hz reference signal and a 90 Hz variable signal c) has an AM reference signal and a 150 Hz variable signal d) has an AM reference signal and an FM variable signal Correct Answer: a) has an FM reference signal and an AM variable signal ⸻ Q9. Concerning conventional and Doppler VORs (DVOR), which of the following is correct? a) There is no way of knowing from the instrumentation display which type is being used b) The DVOR will always have a “D” in the ident c) The DVOR has a higher pitch ident than the standard VOR d) The conventional VOR has less site error Correct Answer: a) There is no way of knowing from the instrumentation display which type is being used Q11. A VOR beacon ceases to transmit its normal identification which is substituted by ‘TST’. This means that: a) the beacon may be used providing that extreme caution is used b) the beacon is undergoing maintenance or calibration and should not be used c) this is a temporary short range transmission and will have approximately half its normal range d) the beacon is under test and pilots using it should report its accuracy to air traffic control Correct Answer: b) the beacon is undergoing maintenance or calibration and should not be used ⸻ Q16. Assuming the maximum likely error in VOR to be 5°, what is the maximum distance apart that beacons can be situated on the centre line of a UK airway in order that an aircraft can guarantee remaining within the airway boundary? a) 60 NM b) 100 NM c) 120 NM d) 150 NM Correct Answer: c) 120 NM ⸻ Q17. An aircraft, heading 150°, is 100 NM north of a VOR, the pilot intends to home to the VOR on the 030 radial. The pilot should set ___ on the OBS and on reaching the 030 radial should turn ___ onto a heading of ___, assuming zero wind. a) 210, left, 030 b) 210, right, 210 c) 030, right, 210 d) 150, left, 210 Correct Answer: b) 210, right, 210 ⸻ Q18. The type of emission radiated by a VOR beacon is: a) a double channel VHF carrier with one channel being amplitude modulated and the second channel being frequency modulated b) a single channel VHF carrier wave amplitude modulated at 30 Hz with a sub carrier being frequency modulated at 30 Hz c) a VHF carrier wave with a 90 Hz frequency modulation and 150 Hz amplitude modulation d) a VHF pulse modulated emission with a pulse repetition frequency of 30 pps Correct Answer: b) a single channel VHF carrier wave amplitude modulated at 30 Hz with a sub carrier being frequency modulated at 30 Hz Q23. A VOR receiver in an aircraft measures the phase difference from a DVOR as 220°. Which radial is the aircraft on? a) 140 b) 040 c) 220 d) 180 Correct Answer: c) 220 ⸻ Q24. The RMI indicates the aircraft magnetic heading. To convert the RMI bearings of NDBs and VORs to true bearings, the correct combination for the application of magnetic variation is: a) NDB: beacon position  VOR: beacon position b) NDB: beacon position  VOR: aircraft position c) NDB: aircraft position  VOR: beacon position d) NDB: aircraft position  VOR: aircraft position Correct Answer: c) NDB: aircraft position VOR: beacon position Q29. The VOR indications on an RMI whose deviation is not zero: a) are magnetic b) are compass c) are relative d) must have deviation applied before being used Correct Answer: a) are magnetic VOR 2. An RMI indicates aircraft heading. To convert the RMI bearings of NDBs and VORs to true bearings, the correct combination for the application of magnetic variation is: a) NDB: beacon position VOR: beacon position b) NDB: beacon position VOR: aircraft position c) NDB: aircraft position VOR: beacon position d) NDB: aircraft position VOR: aircraft position Correct Answer: c) NDB: aircraft position VOR: beacon position VOR 6. The principle used in VOR bearing measurement is: a) Phase comparison b) Envelope matching c) Beat frequency discrimination d) Difference in depth of modulation Correct Answer: a) Phase comparison VOR 8. A radial is the …(i) bearing …(ii) a VOR ground station? a) Magnetic To b) Relative From c) Magnetic From d) True From Correct Answer: c) Magnetic From ⸻ VOR 9. Tuned to a VOR station, with OBS needle central, the instrument reads 140 degrees with FROM indicated. Relative to the VOR station the receiver is in the: a) Northwest sector b) Northeast or Southeast sector, depending on the heading of the aircraft when the reading is taken c) Southwest sector d) Southeast sector Correct Answer: d) Southeast sector VOR 15. The two signals transmitted by a conventional VOR ground station are 180° out of phase on magnetic: a) East b) West c) North d) South Correct Answer: d) South ⸻ VOR 16. The two signals transmitted by a conventional VOR ground station are 270° out of phase on magnetic: a) West b) East c) South d) North Correct Answer: a) West ⸻ VOR 17. Which frequency band is used by VOR transmissions? a) UHF b) VHF c) SHF d) HF Correct Answer: b) VHF ⸻ VOR 18. Transmissions from VOR facilities may be adversely affected by: a) Static interference b) Night effect c) Uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces d) Quadrantal error Correct Answer: c) Uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces ⸻ VOR 19. If VOR bearing information is used beyond the published protection range, errors could be caused by: a) Interference from other transmitters b) Noise from precipitation static exceeding the signal strength of the transmitter c) Sky wave interference from the same transmitter d) Sky wave interference from distant transmitters on the same frequency Correct Answer: a) Interference from other transmitters VOR 21. The two signals transmitted by a conventional VOR ground station are in phase on magnetic: a) East b) North c) South d) West Correct Answer: b) North VOR 34 What is the maximum distance between VOR and DME/TACAN ground installations if they are to have the same morse code identifier? a) 2000 m b) 60 m c) 300 m d) 600 m Correct Answer: d) 600 m ⸻ VOR 35 A VOR and DME are co-located. You want to identify the DME by listening to the callsign. Having heard the same callsign 4 times in 30 seconds the? a) DME callsign is the one with the higher pitch that was broadcast only once b) DME callsign was not transmitted, the distance information is sufficient proof of correct operation c) DME callsign is the one with the lower pitch that was broadcast several times d) VOR and DME callsigns were the same and broadcast with the same pitch Correct Answer: a) DME callsign is the one with the higher pitch that was broadcast only once VOR 36 In order to plot a bearing from a VOR station, a pilot needs to know the magnetic variation: a) At the aircraft location. b) At the VOR. c) At the halfway point between the aircraft and the station. d) At both the VOR and aircraft. Correct Answer: b) At the VOR VOR 39 An RMI slaved to a remote indicating compass has gone unserviceable and is locked on to a reading of 090°. The tail of the VOR pointer shows 135°. The available information from the VOR is: a) Radial 135°, relative bearing unknown. b) Radial unknown, relative bearing 225° c) Radial unknown, relative bearing 045° d) Radial 315°, relative bearing unknown. Correct Answer: a) Radial 135°, relative bearing unknown ⸻ VOR 40 Which of the following statements concerning the variable, or directional, signal of a conventional VOR is correct? a) The transmitter varies the amplitude of the variable signal by 30 Hz each time it rotates. b) The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30 Hz amplitude modulation. c) The transmitter changes the frequency of the variable signal by 30 Hz either side of the allocated frequency each time it rotates. d) The receiver adds 30 Hz to the variable signal before combining it with the reference signal. Correct Answer: b) The rotation of the variable signal at a rate of 30 times per second gives it the characteristics of a 30 Hz amplitude modulation VOR 42 If an aircraft flies along a VOR radial it will follow a: a) Rhumbline track. b) Line of constant bearing. c) Great circle track. d) Constant magnetic track. Correct Answer: c) Great circle track ⸻ VOR 44 A VOR and NDB are co-located. An aeroplane fitted with an RMI is flying away from the beacons on a radial of 090 degrees. The variation is changing rapidly. Which of the following statements is true? a) The ADF needle will not move, but the VOR needle will move as the variation changes. b) The VOR needle will not move, but the ADF needle will move as the variation changes. c) Both the VOR needle and the ADF needle will move as the variation changes. d) Neither the VOR needle nor the ADF needle will move. Correct Answer: b) The VOR needle will not move, but the ADF needle will move as the variation changes VOR 45 A VOR and NDB are co-located. An aeroplane fitted with an RBI is flying away from the beacons on a radial of 090 degrees. The variation is changing rapidly. Which of the following statements is true? a) The VOR needle will not move, but the ADF needle will move as the variation changes. b) The ADF needle will not move, but the VOR needle will move as the variation changes. c) Both the VOR needle and the ADF needle will move as the variation changes. d) Neither the VOR needle nor the ADF needle will move. Correct Answer: a) The VOR needle will not move, but the ADF needle will move as the variation changes. VOR 50 In which frequency band do VOR transmitters operate? a) UHF b) VHF c) SHF d) EHF Correct Answer: b) VHF ⸻ VOR 51 The two signals transmitted by a conventional VOR ground station are 90° out of phase on magnetic: a) South b) East c) West d) North Correct Answer: b) East ⸻ VOR 52 An aircraft is flying on a heading of 270°(M). The VOR OBS is also set to 270° with the full left deflection and FROM flag displayed. In which sector is the aircraft from the VOR ground station? a) SW b) NW c) SE d) NE Correct Answer: b) NW ⸻ VOR 53 An Omni-bearing selector (OBS) shows full deflection to the left when within range of a serviceable VOR. What angular deviation are you from the selected radial? a) 10° or more. b) Less than 10° c) 1.5° or more d) 2.5° or more Correct Answer: a) 10° or more ⸻ VOR 54 Question: An aircraft is on radial 120 with a magnetic heading of 300°, the track selector (OBS) reads 330. The indications on the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) are ‘fly’: Options: a) Left with ‘TO’ showing. b) Right with ‘TO’ showing. c) Right with ‘FROM’ showing. d) Left with ‘FROM’ showing. Correct Answer: [x) Left with ‘TO’ showing.] Question 62 Question: How does a VOR/DME Area Navigation system select the DME station to be used for positioning? Options: a) The pilot tunes the closest VOR/DME stations within range on the VOR/DME Area Navigation control panel. b) The VOR/DME Area Navigation system has its own NAV tuner and the system itself tunes the DME stations closest to the aircraft. c) The VOR/DME Area Navigation system has its own NAV tuner and the system itself tunes the DME stations providing the most accurate position. d) The VOR/DME Area Navigation system uses whatever stations are tuned on the aircraft’s normal VHF NA selector. Correct Answer: [c) The VOR/DME Area Navigation system has its own NAV tuner and the system itself tunes the DME stations providing the most accurate position.] Question 63 Question: In order to measure the radial from a VOR, the aircraft VOR receiver? Options: a) Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase of the signal. b) Measures the time difference between sending the interrogation signal and receiving the transponder signal. c) Uses the pulse technique to determine the radial. d) Measures the time difference between reception of the two signals transmitted from the ground station. Correct Answer: [a) Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase of the signal.] ⸻ Question 64 Question: Apart from radials and distances from VOR/DME stations, what information is required by the VOR/DME Area Navigation computer in order to calculate the wind? Options: a) True airspeed from the Air Data Computer. b) Heading from the aircraft compass system. c) Vertical speed from the air data computer. d) Heading from the aircraft compass system and true airspeed from the Air Data Computer. Correct Answer: [d) Heading from the aircraft compass system and true airspeed from the Air Data Computer.] ⸻ Question 70 Question: Given: Aircraft heading 160°(M), aircraft is on radial 240° from a VOR. Selected course on the HSI is 250°. The HSI indications are deviation bar? Options: a) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing. b) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing. c) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing. d) Ahead of the aeroplane symbol with the TO flag showing. Correct Answer: [a) Behind the aeroplane symbol with the FROM flag showing.] ⸻ Question 71 Question: Under which of the following circumstances does a VOR/DME Area Navigation System switch to Dead Reckoning Mode? Options: a) The system is receiving information from only one VOR and one DME. b) The system is receiving information from only one VOR. c) The system is receiving information from the two DME’s. d) The system is receiving information from one VOR and two DME’s. Correct Answer: [b) The system is receiving information from only one VOR.] ⸻ Question 95 Question: Under which of the following circumstances does a VOR/DME Area Navigation System switch to Dead Reckoning mode? Options: a) VOR/DME Area Navigation computer is not receiving information from the Air Data Computer. b) VOR/DME Area Navigation computer is receiving neither radial nor distance data information from the VOR/DME stations. c) When “DR” is selected by the pilot. d) VOR/DME Area Navigation computer is not receiving information from the aircraft compass system. Correct Answer: [b) VOR/DME Area Navigation computer is receiving neither radial nor distance data information from the VOR/DME stations.] ⸻ Question 96 Question: The identification of a DME in combination with a collocated VOR is as follows? Options: a) In a period of 40 seconds the DME ident will be heard once on an audio frequency of 1350 Hz. b) Every 30 seconds the DME ident will be repeated. c) The VOR ident and the DME ident are the same and no difference can be heard. d) The DME ident will repeat three times every period of 30 seconds. Correct Answer: [a) In a period of 40 seconds the DME ident will be heard once on an audio frequency of 1350 Hz.] ⸻ Question 97 Question: Two aircraft are located on (arbitrary) different radials but at equal distances from a VOR station. Which statement is true? Options: a) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is equal for both. b) At a certain moment of time, both the phase of the reference signals and the phase of the variable signals are equal for both aircraft. c) At a certain moment of time, both the phase of the reference signals and the phase of the variable signals are unequal for both aircraft. d) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is unequal for both. Correct Answer: [d) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is unequal for both.] ⸻ Question 98 Question: Two aircraft are located on the same radial but at (arbitrary) different distances from a VOR station. Which statement is true? Options: a) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is unequal for both. b) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is equal for both. c) At a certain moment of time, both the phase of the reference signals and the phase of the variable signals are equal for both aircraft. d) At a certain moment of time, both the phase of the reference signals and the phase of the variable signals are unequal for both aircraft. Correct Answer: [b) At a certain moment of time the phase of the reference signals is equal and the phases of the variable signals is equal for both.] Question 102 Question: Unless otherwise specified a radial is? Options: a) The magnetic great circle direction from the beacon. b) The true great circle direction from the beacon. c) The magnetic great circle direction to the beacon. d) The true great circle direction to the beacon. Correct Answer: [a) The magnetic great circle direction from the beacon.] ⸻ Question 103 Question: On the RMI the tip of a VOR needle indicates 060. With the CRS set on 055 the indications on the HSI are? Options: a) TO half-scale deflected to the left. b) FROM half-scale deflected to the right. c) FROM half-scale deflected to the left. d) TO half-scale deflected to the right. Correct Answer: [d) TO half-scale deflected to the right.] Question 106 Question: Which statement is correct about the different types of VOR? Options: a) A TVOR has a limited range. b) A VOT is located along an airway with the purpose to provide an in-flight check of the airborne equipment. c) A CVOR is primarily used for instrument approaches. d) A DVOR is less accurate than a CVOR. Correct Answer: [a) A TVOR has a limited range.] ⸻ Question 107 Question: A VOR and an NDB are located at the same position. Both the VOR and the ADF readings are displayed on the RMI. The aircraft is tracking away from the beacons along the 090 radial. The magnetic variation is changing rapidly. Which of the following is correct? Options: a) The direction of the VOR pointer will change, the direction of the ADF pointer will not change. b) The direction of the ADF pointer will change, the direction of the VOR pointer will not change. c) Both the direction of the ADF pointer and the direction of the VOR pointer will change. d) Neither the direction of the ADF pointer nor the direction of the VOR pointer will change. Correct Answer: [b) The direction of the ADF pointer will change, the direction of the VOR pointer will not change.] Question 119 Question: The three main components of VOR airborne equipment are? Options: a) Receiver, Phase comparator, Range gates. b) Display, Pulse generator, Phase comparator. c) Receiver, Antenna, Display. d) Demodulator, Antenna, CPU. Correct Answer: [c) Receiver, Antenna, Display.] ⸻ Question 120 Question: In the VOR receiver the radial is determined by measurement of the? Options: a) Time difference between the reception of the variable signal and the reference signal. b) Doppler shift on the reference signal. c) Phase of the variable signal. d) Phase difference between the variable signal and the reference signal. Correct Answer: [d) Phase difference between the variable signal and the reference signal.] Question Number VOR 121 Question: On an RMI the front end of the VOR pointer indicates the? Options: a) Radial b) Magnetic heading from the station c) Radial plus 180 degrees d) Magnetic bearing from the station Correct Answer: [x) c) Radial plus 180 degrees] Question Number VOR 122 Question: Which of the following statements about the scalloping (path deflection) of VOR radials, in relation to the accuracy of navigation using a VOR/DME RNAV system is correct? Options: a) Scalloping has a negative effect on the accuracy of navigation. b) Scalloping has a positive effect on the accuracy of navigation. c) Scalloping has no effect on the accuracy of navigation because the accuracy is independent of VOR or DME measurements. d) Scalloping has no effect on the accuracy of navigation because it only results in the movement of the needle of the Course Deviation Indicator. Correct Answer: [x) a) Scalloping has a negative effect on the accuracy of navigation.] ⸻ Question Number VOR 123 Question: TVOR is a? Options: a) Test VOR transmitting such a signal that the reference and variable signals are always in phase. b) High power VOR in the frequency used in the terminal area. c) VOR with a limited range used in the terminal area. d) Low power VOR in the frequency range 112 MHz to 118 MHz Correct Answer: [x) c) VOR with a limited range used in the terminal area.] Question Number VOR 128 Question: Which statement is true about the use of the Doppler VOR? Options: a) The Doppler effect is used to create a signal, which is received by the aircraft’s VOR receiver as a frequency modulated signal. b) The Doppler effect is used to create a signal which is received by the aircraft’s VOR receiver as an amplitude modulated signal. c) By using Doppler effect it is also possible to determine the aircraft’s approach speed to the VOR. d) By using Doppler effect it is also possible to determine the range of the aircraft from the VOR station more accurately. Correct Answer: [x) a) The Doppler effect is used to create a signal, which is received by the aircraft’s VOR receiver as a frequency modulated signal.] ⸻ Question Number VOR 129 Question: The VOR system is limited to about 1° of accuracy. One degree at 200 NM represents a width of: Options: a) 2.0 NM b) 2.5 NM c) 3.0 NM d) 3.5 NM Correct Answer: [x) d) 3.5 NM]