Radiology

Question 1

What type of radiation is high in energy and is capable of producing ions

Answer 1

ionizing radiation

Question 2

What type of radiation is particulate and electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 2

ionizing radiation

Question 3

What type of radiation involves particles that have a mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds (but not the speed of light)?

Answer 3

Particulate radiation

Question 4

What is electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 4

electric and magnetic fields of energy that move through space in a wave-like motion

Question 5

What are the characteristics of x-rays

Answer 5

invisible
travel at the speed of light
travel in waves
high frequency short waves
can penetrate objects
can cause changes in cells
can cause ionization

Question 6

What is the number of electrons per second

Answer 6

Ampere (mA)

Question 7

What is the force that moves electrons?

Answer 7

volt

Question 8

What determines the speed at which an electron is propelled from the cathode, and determines quality

Answer 8

KiloVoltage peak (kVp)

Question 9

What is the cathode controlled by

Answer 9

mA

Question 10

What is in the cathode that emits electrons when heated

Answer 10

tungsten filament

Question 11

What is the anode controlled by?

Answer 11

kVp

Question 11

What in the cathode focuses the direction of electrons towards the anode

Answer 11

the molybdenum cup

Question 12

What in the anode is the spot where the electron HIT to produce x-rays

Answer 12

Tungsten target

Question 13

What is a small area on the target of the anode toward which the electrons from the focusing cup of the cathode are directed

Answer 13

Focal spot

Question 14

Where are electrons originated

Answer 14

the focal spot

Question 15

What dissipates excessive heat

Answer 15

the copper stem

Question 16

What is the process of thermionic emission

Answer 16

at the cathode, an electron cloud is produced around the tungsten filament

Question 17

What are the photons that leave the x-ray tube but have not interacted with any other matter characterized as

Answer 17

primary radiation

Question 18

what are the majority of x-rays in dentistry produced by

Answer 18

bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation

Question 19

How are x-rays produced from bremstrahlung

Answer 19

when high-energy electrons come close to the nuclei of the tungsten atom. The electrons slow down, and energy is released

Question 20

What is characteristic radiation

Answer 20

electrons from the cathode dislodge electrons from the K/L shell of the tungsten atom, and an electron from other orbits fill the empty space.

Question 21

what is created when beams of primary radiation interact with an object

Answer 21

secondary (scatter) radiation

Question 22

What type of scatter radiation is the most common in dentistry

Answer 22

Compton scatter

Question 23

How does compton scatter occur

Answer 23

a photon interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it

Question 24

can compton scatter cause ionization

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

What type of scatter radiation occurs when a photon interacts with an inner shell electron?

Answer 25

photoelectric effects

Question 26

can ionization occur with the photoelectric effect

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

What type of scatter radiation occurs when a photon interacts with an outer shell electron but the matter is not altered?

Answer 27

coherent scatter

Question 28

Does ionization occur with coherent scatter

Answer 28

no

Question 29

What are the units used in the traditional system of measurment

Answer 29

Rem and Rad

Question 30

What are the units used to measure the absorbed dose and dose equivalent

Answer 30

Rem and Rad

Question 31

What is the equivalent to Rad in the SI system

Answer 31

the Gray

Question 32

What is the direct theory

Answer 32

radiation damages the protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and the DNA molecule resulting in cell death

Question 33

What is the indirect theory

Answer 33

radiation interacts with the water content of the cells and produces free radicals

Question 34

time between radiation exposure and observed clinical effect

Answer 34

latent period

Question 35

high doses of radiation to the whole body may result in what

Answer 35

nausea, diarrhea, fever, hair loss, and death

Question 36

in the recovery period are most injuries from low-dose radiation repaired naturally?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

injury to the person being affected

Answer 37

stomatic effect

Question 38

injury to the future generation

Answer 38

genetic effect

Question 39

the probability of the occurrence increases with dose, but the severity of not dependent on the dose ALL OR NONE

Answer 39

stochastic effect

Question 40

severity of the damage is dependent on the dose ex: loss of hair

Answer 40

non-stochastic effect

Question 41

what cells are highly sensitive to radiation

Answer 41

immature cells, quickly dividing cells, younger people's cells EX: bone marrow, reproductive, intestines

Question 42

highly specialized cells, mature cells, and slowly dividing cells are more or less sensitive to radiation?

Answer 42

less

Question 43

What type of filter is built into the machine and includes glass tube, oil, and 0.5-2mm of aluminum

Answer 43

inherent filtration

Question 44

What us the Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) for an occupational person

Answer 44

5 rem/year

Question 45

what is the MPD for non-occupational person

Answer 45

10% of worker amount, or 0.5 rem

Question 46

what is the beam intensity affected by?

Answer 46

mA, kVp, distance, and exposure time

Question 47

what is the half-value layer

Answer 47

thickness of aluminum filters that reduces the intensity of the beam by half.

Question 48

what is the inverse square law

Answer 48

intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation

Question 49

what is density proportional to

Answer 49

amperes, kVp, and seconds ex: if time is deacrease, mA must be increased to maintain similar density

Question 50

what is contrast dependent on

Answer 50

kVp

Question 51

what is the blurring at the edges of a structure on a radiograph

Answer 51

penumbra

Question 52

sharpness is increased when:

Answer 52

tungsten target is small object to film distance is short tube to file distance is short

Question 53

What technique requires bisection of the angles formed by the film and long axis of the tooth

Answer 53

bisecting technique

Question 54

What technique requires the long axis of the tooth and the film are parallel to each other

Answer 54

paralleling technique

Question 55

which technique causes less distortion

Answer 55

paralleling technique

Question 56

What is the SLOB rule

Answer 56

same lingual, opposite buccal

Question 57

tube head and object moved in the same direction- where is the object located?

Answer 57

lingual

Question 58

tube head and object moved in the opposite direction- where is the object located?

Answer 58

buccal

Question 59

what causes overlap

Answer 59

inappropriate horizontal angulation

Question 60

what error causes foreshortening and elongation

Answer 60

inappropriate vertical angulation