Radiology: Midterm review Flashcards by Courtney Gaal

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter

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A tiny, invisible particle that is the fundamental unit of matter

Atom

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The smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element

Atom

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What is the most simple Atom?

Hydrogen

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Atoms are arranged in increasing atomic number on a chart known as the

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

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The core of the atom

Nucleus

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The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic weight

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The number of protons inside the nucleus = the number of electrons
outside the nucleus

Atomic number

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Tiny negatively charged particles that have very little mass

Electrons

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Production of ions, or the process of converting an atom into ions

Ionization

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___ is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged

Ion

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Stream of high speed electrons originating in an x-ray tube

Cathode ray

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Filament & electron cloud

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Molybdenum cup

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Cathode (-)

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Tube window

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Useful x-ray beam

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Anode (+)

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Copper stem

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Vacuum

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Glass envelope

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Tungsten target

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Negative charge terminal

Cathode

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A metal with a very high melting point

Tungsten

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Positive charge terminal

Anode

PID

Position Indicating device

used to direct x-radiation to the client’s face

PID

Today the cones are ____ lined to prevent the escape of scatter radiation

lead

Lead plate with a central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where the x-rays exit

Collimator

Filters out long wavelengths with poor penetration power

Aluminum filter

If the mA is set at 13, will that result in a darker or lighter image that if it were taken at 8 mA?

Darker

is the highest voltage to which the current in an x-ray machine uses during an exposure a) Milliamperage (mA) d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

It controls the SPEED of the electrons when traveling from the CATHODE to the ANODE as well as the WAVELENGTH a) Milliamperage (mA) d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

When the voltage is _________, the electrons travel faster and produce hard radiation and are able to penetrate most dense structures producing a high quality picture a) Decreased b) Increased

Increased

If you lower the mA this will result in a _____ image. a) darker b) lighter

Lighter

when a high speed electron dislodges an inner shell electron from the tungsten atom and causes

Ionization

X-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and exits the tubehead a) Primary radiation b) Secondary radiation c) Scatter radiation

a) Primary radiation

X-radiation that is created when primary beam interacts with matter ex: soft tissues of head, cranial bones and teeth a) Primary radiation b) Secondary radiation c) Scatter radiation

b) Secondary radiation

T/F: Secondary radiation is less penetrating than primary radiation

True

A form of secondary radiation A result of an x-ray photon deflected in all directions traveling to all parts of the client’s body and to all areas of the operatory a) Primary radiation b) Secondary radiation c) Scatter radiation

c) scatter radiation

takes place in photoelectric effect ie: an x-ray photon collides with an inner shell electron giving up all its energy to eject the electron from its orbit

Ionization

Compton scatter

X-ray photon collides with outer shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

Compton Scatter

X-ray photon looses energy traveling in a different direction at a lower energy level a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

Compton scatter

Ejected electron is known as ________ electron possessing a negative charge a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

Compton scatter

UNMODIFIED SCATTER a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

b) Coherent scatter

Occurs when a low energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer shell electron a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

b) Coherent scatter

X-ray photon is “unmodified” ie: it undergoes a change in direction without a change in energy a) Compton scatter b) Coherent scatter

b) Coherent scatter

Electrostatic force or attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons

Binding force (electrical force)

Negative charge terminal

Cathode

Tungsten filament wire (coil) is attached to the _____ pole

Cathode

Also known as “Wolfram”

Tungsten

Positive charge terminal

Anode

Mostly made up of copper COPPER ROD

Anode

Stable bite block

A device that is used to stabilize an intraoral film which is made of styrofoam is known as: a) beam alignment device b) collimating device c) uni-grip d) stabe bite block e) snap-a-ray-holder

Stable bite block

Restricts the size and shape of x-ray beam thus reducing patient exposure

Collimator

PID is recommended since less divergence of x-ray beam thus most effective in reducing client exposure

Long, rectangular

Takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window, oil bath and tube head seal of the x-ray unit

INHERENT FILTRATION

T/F: Proper mA, kVp settings and exposure times limit the amount of x-radiation exposure received by a client

True

The dental radiographer must stand at least ____feet away at ____ to ___ degree angle to the x-ray beam

6 feet 90-135 degree

T/F: The dental radiographer must never hold a film in place for a client during x-ray exposure

True

T/F: A double sided lead apron, thyroid collar and safety glasses are protective shields necessary for clients during extra-oral radiography

True

Dental films placed inside the mouth are termed: a) intraoral films b) extraoral films c) cephalometric films d) panoramic films e) all of the above

Intraoral films

randomly determined; having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.

STOCHASTIC

Occur as a direct function of dose a) Stochastic effects b) non-stochastic effects

Stochastic effects

Does not posses a dose threshold a) Stochastic effects b) non-stochastic effects

Stochastic effects

_______ effects that have a threshold a) Stochastic effects b) non-stochastic effects

non-stochastic effects

Severity of effects is not dependent on the magnitude of the absorbed dose a) Stochastic effects b) non-stochastic effects

a) Stochastic effects

Increase in severity as absorbed dose increases a) Stochastic effects b) non-stochastic effects

b) non-stochastic effects

recognizes that different materials that receive the same exposure may not absorb the same amount of energy

Radiation Absorbed Dose

Refers to the quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

Radiation Absorbed Dose

T/F: MORE DAMAGE OCCURS WHEN LARGE QUANTITIES OF RADIATION ARE ABSORBED BY A TISSUE

True - because cells are not given enough time to repair

Allowing time to elapse between doses allows ______ cells to repair themselves a) genetic b) stomatic

b) stomatic

Undergo cell mutation ie: cannot repair themselves a) genetic b) stomatic

Genetic

Unit for measuring absorbtion

Gray

measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in a cubic centimeter of air a) Gray / Rad c) Rem / Sievert e) Roentgen

Roentgen

measures the amount of radiation energy transferred to some mass of material, typically humans. a) Gray / Rad c) Rem / Sievert e) Roentgen

Gray / Rad

is a unit that relates the dose of any radiation to the biological effect of that dose. – different types of radiation have different effects on tissues. a) Gray / Rad c) Rem / Sievert e) Roentgen

Rem / Sievert

F-speed film OR D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by 60% ?

F-Speed

When x-rays strike a client, ______ results

Ionization

The time that elapses between exposure and observable clinical signs a) Latent period b) Injury period c) Recovery

a) latent period

Cellular damage may result a) Latent period b) Injury period c) Recovery

Injury period

Most of the damage caused by low-level radiation is repaired within the cells of the body a) Latent period b) Injury period c) Recovery

Recovery

X-rays were first discovered by

Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895

discovered that these rays could penetrate substances which were impervious to light and the first dental radiographs were produced a) Dr. Roentgen b) Dr. Otto Walkoff c) Dr. Edmund Kells

a) Dr. Roentgen

A form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles a) Radiation b) x-radiation c) x-ray

Radiation

A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube a) Radiation b) x-radiation c) x-ray

x-radiation

A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film a) Radiation b) x-radiation c) x-ray

X-ray

Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray film

Dental radiographer

5 basic rules of paralleling technique

1. Film placement 2. Film position 3. Vertical angulation 4. Horizontal angulation 5. Film exposure

5 Basic rules of bitewing technique

**1)** Film positioned to cover the prescribed area of teeth **2)** Film positioned parallel to the crowns of both upper & lower teeth **3)** Film stabilized when the client occludes on the bitewing tab or holder **4)** Central ray of the x-ray beam directed at +10 degrees **5)** Central ray of the x-ray beam directed through contact areas **6)** X-ray beam centered on the film to ensure that all areas of the film are exposed

Sequence for Paralleling

1. Max R canine through anteriors, down to Mand L canine & finish Mand R canine 2. Q1 Pre-M, molar, Q3 Pre-M, molar 3. Q2 Pre-M, molar, Q4 Pre-M, molar

Sequence for FMS

1. Expose all anterior PA's 2. Expose Pre-M, molar PA's 3. Expose Bitewing

Size 0 film

Posterior primary

Size 1 film

Mixed dentition- Horizontal Anterior permanent dentiton - Vertical

Size 2 film

Anterior & Posterior Permanent dentition - Vertical & horizontal

Size 3 film

Posterior permanent dentition - Horizontally when 8's are present

Size 4 film

Occlusal films

Distance from the object to the film

TARGET-OBJECT DISTANCE

Distance from source of radiation to the film (receptor)

TARGET-RECEPTOR DISTANCE

When and why do we use vertical bitweings

Used to examine the level of the alveolar bone; used on clients with periodontitis

When and why do we use horizontal bitewings?

Identifies the crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth, the interproximal areas, and the areas of crestal bone on the same radiograph

Shallow palate

cotton rolls can be used on each side of the bite-block Increase vertical angulation by 5-15 degrees

A small bump found on the corner of the plastic film packet which aids in the identification of the patient’s right and left side

Identification dot

Exposure interval for clients

1 impulse occurs every 1/60 of a second Therefore, 60 impulses occur in 1 second

Intraoral film contents

1. Inner paper 2. Dental film 3. Inner paper wrap 4. Lead foil backing 5. Outer package

Extraoral film contents

1. Front screen 2. Screen film 3. Back screen

The relationship between distance and intensity of radiation is called the

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Processing error; _____ film appears gray and lacks detail and contrast; results in improper safelighting & light leaks in the dark room.

Fogged film

Lead-lined storage containers prevent film ___

fog

Silver halide crystals absorb x-radiation during x-ray exposure and store the energy, The stored energy within the silver halide crystals forms a pattern and creates an invisible image on the emulsion

Latent image

Why is there sometimes 2 film packages?

Duplicating films and film speeds

The larger the crystals, the ______ the film speed.

faster

FILM SPEED IS DETERMINED BY

a) size of silver halide crystals b) thickness of the emulsion c) radiosensitive dyes

The fastest intraoral film available

F-Speed

The slowest intraoral film

D-Speed

Overall darkness or blackness of an image

Density

Higher kvp & higher mA =

Higher the denisty

High density =

Darker film

Lower density =

Lighter film

Low kV =

High contrast

High kV =

Low contrast

High contrast =

Black & white

Low contrast =

Many shades of gray

Distance from source of radiation to the client’s skin

TARGET-SURFACE DISTANCE

Distance from source of radiation to the tooth

TARGET-OBJECT DISTANCE

Longer PID a) Less Image Magnification b) More Image Magnification

Less Image Magnification

Shorter PID

More Image Magnification

Increase mA = increase in temperature = _____________ a) More electrons b) less electrons

more electrons

____ controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam by controlling the number of electrons produced in the x-ray tube and the number of x-rays produced a) mA b) kV

_____ regulates the penetrating power of the x-ray beam by controlling the speed of the electrons traveling between the cathode and the anode a) mA b) kV

kV = A) Quantity B) Quality **hint** KLMN

Quality

mA = A) Quantity B) Quality **hint** KLMN

Quantity

Higher the mA = a) lighter image b) darker image

Darker of image

Lower the mA = a) lighter image b) darker image

Lighter of image

Higher the kV = a) Darker the density, lower the contrast b) Lighter the density, higher the contrast

Darker the density, lower the contrast

Lower the kV = a) Darker the density, lower the contrast b) Lighter the density, higher the contrast

Lighter the density, higher the contrast

Higher kV = a) Short scale; high contrast b) long scale; low contrast

Long scale contrast; low contrast

Lower kV = a) Short scale; high contrast b) long scale; low contrast

Short scale; high contrast

Substances made up of only 1 atom

Substance

is the unit of measurement for the electrical current a) Milliamperage (mA) d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

Milliamperage

: it controls the amount or quantity of the electric current entering the x-ray machine as well as the heat of the filament wire a) Milliamperage (mA) d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

a) Milliamperage (mA)