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BIOL 1050 > Radiology + Pharmacology > Flashcards

Radiology + Pharmacology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline of the body.

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2
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline of the body.

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3
Q

What does decubitus mean?

A

Lying down.

A lateral decubitus position is lying down on the side.

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4
Q

What is eversion?

A

Turning outward.

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5
Q

What is extension?

A

Lengthening or straightening a flexed limb.

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6
Q

What is flexion?

A

Bending a part of the body.

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7
Q

What is inversion?

A

Turning inward.

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8
Q

What does prone mean?

A

Lying on the belly (face down).

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9
Q

What does recumbent mean?

A

Lying down (may be prone or supine).

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10
Q

What does supine mean?

A

Lying on the back (face up).

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11
Q

What is computed tomography (CT)?

A

Diagnostic x-ray procedure whereby a cross-sectional image of a specific body segment is produced. Newer CT scanners can create 3D images as well.

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12
Q

What are contrast studies?

A

Radiopaque materials (contrast media) are injected to obtain contrast between tissues that would be indistinguishable from one another.

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13
Q

What is a gamma camera?

A

Machine to detect gamma rays emitted from radiopharmaceuticals during scanning for diagnostic purposes.

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14
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

High-energy rays emitted by radioactive substances used in tracer studies.

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15
Q

What is half-life?

A

Time required for a radioactive substance to lose half its radioactivity by disintegration.

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16
Q

What is interventional radiology?

A

Therapeutic or diagnostic procedures performed by a radiologist. Examples are needle biopsy of a mass and drainage of an abscess, typically under the guidance of CT, ultrasound, or fluoroscopy.

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17
Q

What does in vitro mean?

A

Process, test, or procedure is performed, measured, or observed outside a living organism, often in a test tube.

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18
Q

What does in vivo mean?

A

Process, test, or procedure is performed, measured, or observed within a living organism.

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19
Q

What is ionization?

A

Transformation of electrically neutral substances into electrically charged particles. X-rays cause ionization of particles within tissues.

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20
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

Magnetic field and radio waves produce sagittal, coronal, and axial images of the body.

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21
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

Medical specialty that uses radioactive substances (radionuclides) in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

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22
Q

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

Positron-emitting radioactive substances given intravenously create a cross-sectional image of cellular metabolism based on local concentration of the radioactive substance. PET scans give information about metabolic activity.

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23
Q

What is radioimmunoassay?

A

Test combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect minute quantities of substances in a patient’s blood.

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24
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

Radioactive form of an element substance; radionuclide. Radiopharmaceutical; used in nuclear medicine studies.

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25
What is radiology?
Medical specialty concerned with the study of x-rays and their use in the diagnosis of disease. It includes other forms of energy, such as ultrasound and magnetic waves. Also called diagnostic radiology.
26
What is radiolucent?
Permitting the passage of x-rays. Radiolucent structures appear black on x-ray images.
27
What is a radionuclide?
Radioactive form of an element that gives off energy in the form of radiation; radioisotope.
28
What is radiopaque?
Obstructing the passage of x-rays. Radiopaque structures appear white on the x-ray images.
29
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
Radioactive drug (radionuclide plus chemical) that is administered safely for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes; a radiotracer. An example is technetium-99m, which combines with albumin (for lung perfusion) and DTPA (for renal imaging).
30
What is a scan?
Image of an area, organ or tissue of the body obtained from ultrasonography, radioactive tracer studies, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging.
31
What is scintigraphy?
Diagnostic nuclear medicine test using radiopharmaceuticals and gamma cameras to create images.
32
What is single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)?
Radioactive tracer is injected intravenously and a computer reconstructs a 3D image based on a composite of many views.
33
What is tagging?
Attaching a radionuclide to a chemical and following its path in the body.
34
What are tracer studies?
Radionuclides are used as tags, or labels, attached to chemicals and followed as they travel through the body.
35
What is ultrasonography?
Diagnostic technique that projects and retrieves high-frequency sound waves as they echo off parts of the body.
36
What is an ultrasound transducer?
Handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals.
37
What is uptake?
Rate of absorption of a radionuclide into an organ or tissue.
38
What is a ventilation-perfusion study (V/Q scan)?
Consists of two scans: a ventilation scan performed using an inhaled radiopharmaceutical and a perfusion scan using an intravenously injected radiopharmaceutical. Used to evaluate for pulmonary embolism.
39
Study of the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as enzymes and DNA is called:
Molecular pharmacology
40
Finding proper antidotes to the harmful effects of drugs is part of the specialty of:
Toxicology
41
Which of the following is a drug generic name?
A. Parenteral administration ## Footnote Correct answer: B. ampicillin
42
Drugs are applied on the skin:
Correct answer: D. Topical
43
Which agency holds the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold?
Correct answer: E. FDA
44
What is anaphylaxis?
A. A type of hypersensitivity reaction ## Footnote Correct answer: A. A type of hypersensitivity reaction
45
The combination of two drugs can cause an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each:
Correct answer: D. Synergism
46
Suppositories are inserted:
Correct answer: B. Rectal administration
47
Drugs that block release of a substance that causes allergic reactions are called:
A. Anticoagulants ## Footnote Correct answer: D. Antihistamines
48
49
Molecular pharmacology
50
What is the definition of drug action?
The effect produced by a drug interacting with a specific target or receptor
51
What is the difference between additive and antagonistic drug actions?
Additive action is when the combination of two drugs equals the sum of their individual effects; antagonistic is when they give less than an additive effect
52
What is synergism in the context of drug interactions?
A combination of two drugs that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects
53
What is the term for the desired and beneficial effect of a drug?
Response
54
Define tolerance in relation to drug effects.
The diminishing effect of a drug requiring increasing amounts to achieve the same effect
55
What does addiction refer to in pharmacology?
Physical and psychological dependence on a drug, accompanied by cravings and unpleasant withdrawal effects
56
What are controlled substances?
Drugs such as opioids or narcotics that produce dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
57
Fill in the blank: The _______ of a drug is the amount administered, usually measured in milligrams or grams.
[dose]
58
What is the term for the timing and frequency of drug administration?
Schedule
59
True or False: Synergistic drug effects are less effective than the individual drugs taken alone.
False
60
Provide an example of an additive drug action.
Drug A gives 10% tumor kill and drug B gives 20% tumor kill, together they give 30% tumor kill
61
What is an example of a desired response from antihypertensive drugs?
Lowering blood pressure
62
Fill in the blank: Tolerance is a feature of _______ to drugs such as morphine.
[addiction]
63
64
What is an analgesic?
A drug that lessens pain ## Footnote The term comes from 'alges/o' which means sensitivity to pain.
65
What types of pain do mild analgesics relieve?
Mild to moderate pain, such as * myalgias * headaches * toothaches ## Footnote Mild analgesics are typically over-the-counter medications.
66
What are narcotics or opioids derived from?
Opium ## Footnote Narcotics are more potent analgesics used for severe pain.
67
What condition may narcotics induce?
Stupor ## Footnote Stupor is a state of near-unconsciousness and reduced mental and physical activity.
68
Why are narcotics used only to relieve severe pain?
They may produce dependence ## Footnote Dependence on narcotics can lead to addiction.
69
What types of disorders are non-narcotic analgesics used for?
Joint disorders, painful menstruation, and acute pain due to * minor injuries * infection ## Footnote Non-narcotic analgesics are also known as NSAIDs.
70
What does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ## Footnote NSAIDs reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.
71
How do NSAIDs inhibit pain?
By inhibiting prostaglandins ## Footnote Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that sensitize peripheral pain receptors.
72
What are COX-2 inhibitors?
A newer class of stronger NSAIDs ## Footnote COX-2 inhibitors block prostaglandin production.
73
What advantages do COX-2 inhibitors have over traditional NSAIDs?
Produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects ## Footnote However, they may increase the risk of clot formation and heart attacks.
74
What risks are associated with COX-2 inhibitors?
Increased risk of clot formation and heart attacks ## Footnote This includes myocardial infarctions.
75

BIOL 1050 (26 decks)

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