random Endocrine Flashcards
what is kleinfelters syndrome
when boys have an extra X chromosome XXY
what are the hormone profile results of premature ovarian failure
high FSH and LH and low oestrogen
hormone profile in type 1 hypothalamic failure
low FSH, LH and low oestrogen
chocolate cysts on ovary
endometriosis
name some causes of male infertility
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism kallmans syndrome, kleinfelters syndrome, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, undescended testes, idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia acromegaly cushings disease hyper or hypothyroidisim
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, posterior cricoartytenoid, lateral crico artenoid, arytenoids and thyroidarytenoids are supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of CNX)
cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve
what does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply
posterior and lateral cricoartyenoid muscles, arytenoids and throarytenoid muscles
what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate
cricothyroid muscle
what is mucosa above the fold supplied by
internal laryngeal nerve
what is mucosa below the fold supplied by
inferior laryngeal nerve
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve
at the level of the cricothyroid joint
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve travel
under the aortic arch
where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve pass
under the right subclavian artery
where does the vagus nerve pass though in the base of the skull
the jugular foramen
what are the otic placodes and what do they give rise to
they are thickenings of the ectoderm, one on each side overlapping the hindbrain (rhoboencephalon)
they give rise to the otic capsule which give rise to the inner ear
what does the first pharyngeal cleft give rise to
the external auditory meatus
what does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to
Eustachian tube, tympanic membrane and middle ear
what does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to
PALATINE tonsil
what gives rise to the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
3rd pharyngeal pouch
what is formed from the 4th pharyngeal pouch
superior parathyroid glands
what gives rise to the inner ear
otic placodes which form otic capsule
how is neurofibromatosis inheritied
autosomal dominant
what are the features of neurofibromatosis type 1
café au lait spots more than 6/7, widespread neurofibromas, bony defects, axillary frecking and lisch nodules
features of neurofibromatosis 2
bilateral vestibular schwannoma, multiple menigiomas, gliomas, café au lait, may have hearing loss, cataracts and muscle wasting
