random ENT

Question 1

what is contained in the membranous labryrinte

Answer 1

ENDOlymph

Question 2

what is the bony labyrinth made up of

Answer 2

rigid bony outerwall of the inner ear made up of the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea

Question 3

what are the otolith organs and where are they contained

Answer 3

utricle and saccule which are contained in the vestibule

Question 4

what is the middle ear lined with

Answer 4

columnar mucosa

Question 5

where is a vestibular schwannoma found most commonly

Answer 5

vestibular portion of CNVIII, in the cerebellopontine angle, between the pons and the cerebellum

Question 6

what syndrome is a paraganglioma associated with

Answer 6

MEN 2

Question 7

what are paramyxoviruses

Answer 7

family of virsus associated with mumps and bilateral parotitis

Question 8

what is the most common type of parotid tumour

Answer 8

most common is pleiomorphic adenoma and second most common is warthins both benign

Question 9

how are ear drops applied

Answer 9

turn the recipients ear upwards
straighten the ear canal by pulling the pinna backawards and upwards
instil the drops
press the tragus repeatedly over the introitus of the ear canal to encourage the drops to pass down the canal

Question 10

when is there an increased risk of aminoglycosides

Answer 10

with a perforated tympanic membrane

Question 11

what is an open hearing aid and what are its benefits

Answer 11

doesn’t have an ear mould, this means that patients do not lose the natural sounds from blockage of the canal and their canals do not become moist due to occlusion

Question 12

what may be helpful if the ear canal is oedematous

Answer 12

a wick

Question 13

why can you get dizziness from ear drops

Answer 13

the drops are not close to body temperature, this is worse when there is an open mastoid cavity
as the lateral scc is stimulated by the difference in temp

Question 14

what si the only indication for a hearing aid

Answer 14

auditory difficulty and there is a demonstrable hearing loss

Question 15

can a hearing aid be used for cochlear, retrococohlear or neural hearing loss

Answer 15

sound can become very distorted so most commonly no

may make distortion worse and impair understnaiding of speech

Question 16

if resent with hearing problems but no demonstrable hearing loss and find it difficult to hear with background noise do you give a hearing aid

Answer 16

no give hearing therapy

Question 17

what is a telecoil and why is it useful

Answer 17

a loop system can be used in theatres, lectures etc, causes distortion of the magnetic field which is picked up by users hearing aid and converted back into sound.
disadvantage is that microphone is disabled

Question 18

what are the problmes with hearing aids

Answer 18

feedback
whistling noise caused by amplified sound being picked up by the microphone, setting up a feedback loop
may be caused by, wax in external auditory meatus, ear mould not inserted correctly, ear mould not fitting properly, leakage of sound

Question 19

what is osler weber rendu

Answer 19

autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membrane and often in the lungs, liver and brain
can cause epistaxis

Question 20

what bone is the carotid canal in and what does it carry

Answer 20

the temporal bone and the internal carotid artery

Question 21

what bone does the infraorbital foramen go through and what does it supply

Answer 21

maxilla and infraorbital nerve V2 and infraorbital artery-branch of maxillary nerve

Question 22

what is the function of hair cells

Answer 22

to convert mechanical stimuli into electrical impulse

Question 23

when does depolarisation occur

Answer 23

when deflected towards the longest

Question 24

wht are clusters of hair cells called

Answer 24

maculae

Question 25

what are the longitudinal muscles of the larynx supplied by

Answer 25

CNX | except for stylopharygeus which is supplied by CNI IX

Question 26

the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies motor innervation to what muscle only

Answer 26

sytlopharygeus

Question 27

how is air and bone conduction affected in sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 27

both air and bone conduction are decreased

Question 28

when assessing a nasal trauma what should you make sure you do

Answer 28

assess eye movements look in nose for a possible haematoma refer to ENT clinic for 5-7 days time

Question 29

what is the most common type of fracture to the temporal bone

Answer 29

longitudinal fracture

Question 30

symptoms of a longitudinal fracture of the temporal bone

Answer 30

fracture line is paralle of the long axis of the petrous pyramid bleeding from external canal due to laceration pf ksin and ear drum haemotypnaum ossicular chian disruption causing conductive deafness facial palsy CSF otorrhoea

Question 31

how do you get a transverse fracture of the temporal bone

Answer 31

frontal blows

Question 32

what type of hearing loss is caused by a transverse fracture of temporal bone

Answer 32

sensorineural as the fracture can cross the internal acoustic meatus causing damage to CN VIII

Question 33

where is otolith material most commonly deposited

Answer 33

in the posterior semi circular canal

Question 34

how is a newborns hearing screened for

Answer 34

automated otoacoustic emission test

Question 35

how does an automated optoacoustic emission test work

Answer 35

a computer generated click is played through a small earpiece, presence of a soft echo indicates a healthy cochlea

Question 36

over what age can you do a PTA

Answer 36

pure tone audionometry over the age of 3

Question 37

what drains into the spenothmoidal recess

Answer 37

the sphenoid sinus

Question 38

what drains into the inferior meatus

Answer 38

the nasolacrimal duct

Question 39

what drains into the ethmoidal bulla

Answer 39

the middle ethmoidal air cells

Question 40

what drains into the semilunar hiatus

Answer 40

the anterior ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinus

Question 41

what is another name for maxillary sinus

Answer 41

antrum

Question 42

what are the semilunar hiatus and ethmoidal bulla part of

Answer 42

the middle meatus

Question 43

where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain

Answer 43

into the superior meatus

Question 44

what is sinusitis

Answer 44

inflammation of the mucosa

Question 45

why can sinusitis be dangerous

Answer 45

increased pressure in ethmoid and break the medial wall of the orbit and impact the eye/spread of infection to optic nerve

Question 46

which sinuses is predisposed to infection and why

Answer 46

maxillary sinus | as the ostium of maxillary sinus is location superior in relation to its cavity so the cilia must work against gravity

Question 47

what are the vocal cords

Answer 47

free borders of mucosa covered connective tissue in the larynx

Question 48

what are the true vocal cords

Answer 48

vocal process of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

Question 49

what are the false vocal cords

Answer 49

arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis

Question 50

where is the quadrangular membrane

Answer 50

between vestibular ligament and epiglottis it is the upper part of the fibroelastic membrane which lines the larynx extends between the arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis, its lower border is thickened to form the vestibular ligament

Question 51

where is a laryngoscope placed

Answer 51

in the vallecular

Question 52

what is the aryepiglottic fold

Answer 52

the superior border of quadrangular membrane

Question 53

what does increasing tension do to pitch

Answer 53

increases pitch

Question 54

what does relaxation do to pitch

Answer 54

decrease in pitch

Question 55

what does adduction do to sound

Answer 55

it makes sound quieter

Question 56

what does Abduction do to sound

Answer 56

louder

Question 57

what types of muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 57

skeletal muscles

Question 58

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by

Answer 58

CN X

Question 59

describe the laryngeal muscles in normal respiration

Answer 59

they are in resting position

Question 60

what muscles of larynx are being used when there is forced respiration

Answer 60

posterior crico-arytenoids contract

Question 61

what happens during phonation

Answer 61

artyenoids contract | assist lateral cricoartenoids

Question 62

what happens in whispering

Answer 62

lateral crico-arytenoids contract

Question 63

how are oral sounds made

Answer 63

soft palate tenses CNV3 and elevates CNX to close off entrance into nasopharynx directs stream of air through oral cavity sound interrupted by the tongue CN XII and teeth/lips CN VII to produce most vowels and sounds

Question 64

how are nasal sounds produce

Answer 64

soft palate tenses CN V3 and descends CNX to close off entrance into orpharynx directs stream of air through nasal cavities produces one of three sounds m,n, or ing depending on position of tongue CN XII teeth and lips CNVII

Question 65

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx nerve supply

Answer 65

all inferior laryngeal nerve apart from cricothyroid | cricothyroid supplied by external laryngeal nerve

Question 66

what is the mucosa above the fold supplied by

Answer 66

internal laryngeal nerve

Question 67

what is the mucosa below the fold supplied by

Answer 67

inferior laryngeal nerve

Question 68

what does the external laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 68

motor supply to cricothyroid

Question 69

what does the internal laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 69

sensory to mucosa above the vocal folds, vestibule, vestibular folds etc

Question 70

what is mucosa below the fold supplied by

Answer 70

the inferior laryngeal nerve

Question 71

what is the function of the strap muscles

Answer 71

accessory muscles of breathing

Question 72

what is the laryngopharynx

Answer 72

region of the pharynx from epiglottis to oesophagus

Question 73

which vertebral levels is the larynx between

Answer 73

C4-C6

Question 74

what is contained in the carotid sheath

Answer 74

internal jugular vein common carotid artery deep cervical lymph nodes vagus nerve

Question 75

what is enclosed in the investing fascia

Answer 75

deep to superficial fascia | encloses all the other neck fascial compartments and the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 76

where is the retropharyngeal space

Answer 76

between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia

Question 77

what is contained in the prevertebral fascia

Answer 77

it is deep to the investing fascia, located posteriorly encloses the cervical vertebrae and the postural neck muscles

Question 78

what is the adams apple called anatomically

Answer 78

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

Question 79

where is the oral vestibule

Answer 79

located between the lips and teeth

Question 80

what is the sublinguinal caruncle

Answer 80

opening for submandibular glands

Question 81

how do you test CN XII

Answer 81

ask the patient to stick out their tongue, if it is in the midline then both CN XII are working

Question 82

if one CN XII is damaged what happens

Answer 82

points towards the side of the injured nerve

Question 83

where do the arteries of the tongue pass

Answer 83

medial to hypoglossus

Question 84

where do nerves of the tongue pass

Answer 84

lateral to hypoglossus

Question 85

which pharyngeal arch forms the malleus and incus

Answer 85

first pahrygeal arch

Question 86

what are regional nodes

Answer 86

the group of lymph nodes that first receive lymph

Question 87

what are the regional nodes for the tip of the tongue

Answer 87

submental nodes

Question 88

what are the regional nodes for the palatine tonsil

Answer 88

jugulo-digastric