Random Notes

Question 1

What is the normal measurement for skin line?

Answer 1

< 2mm
- or equal to

Question 2

What is the normal measurement for a standoff pad?

Answer 2

< 1cm
- or equal to

Question 3

What is the normal measurement for ducts in a non-lactating patient?

Answer 3

< 2mm

Question 4

What is the normal measurement for a normal lymph node?

Answer 4

< 1.5-2 cm

Question 5

What is the normal measurement for skin thickness?

Answer 5

2mm

Question 6

TNM

Answer 6

Tumour, Nodes, Metastases

Question 7

Whats the first thing you look for in TNM? (2)

Answer 7

1. The size of breast tumour (T)
2. Has grown into nearby areas

Question 8

Whats the second thing you look for in TNM?

Answer 8

Whether the cancer has reached nearby lymph nodes (N)

Question 9

Whats the third thing you look for in TNM?

Answer 9

Whether the cancer has metastasized to other parts of the body (M)

Question 10

EUSOMA

Answer 10

European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists

Question 11

What does U1 mean with EUSOMA?

Answer 11

Normal/benign

Question 12

What does U2 mean with EUSOMA?

Answer 12

A lesion having benign characteristics

Question 13

What does U3 mean with EUSOMA?

Answer 13

An abnormality is present on indeterminate significance

Question 14

What does U4 mean with EUSOMA?

Answer 14

Features suspicious of malignancy

Question 15

What does U5 mean with EUSOMA?

Answer 15

Malignant features

Question 16

What is the most frequently diagnosed cancer?

Answer 16

Skin cancer

Question 17

What is the 2nd most frequently diagnosed cancer?

Answer 17

Breast cancer

Question 18

What % of breast cancer diagnosis are in women over the age of 50?

Answer 18

78%

Question 19

What depth are the majority of the breast lesions occur at?

Answer 19

3cm or less

Question 20

What field are cancers more commonly located in?

Answer 20

Near field

Question 21

What are 6 signs to look for with possible intramammary pathology?

Answer 21

1. Breast asymmetry
2. Skin retraction or bulging
3. Nipple inversion
4. Signs on inflammation
5. Bruising
6. Presence of scars

Question 22

Is US or mammo more superior when implant rupture is suspected?

Answer 22

US
- sensitive to both intra and extracapsular ruptures

Question 23

What modality seems to be the most accurate method of detecting breast implant failure?

Answer 23

MRI

Question 24

What is the most accurate method for determining breast implant rupture?

Answer 24

Non-contrast MRI

Question 25

What are MRI without contrast used to asses?

Answer 25

Implants

Question 26

What are MRI with contrast used to asses?

Answer 26

Breast masses

Question 27

What % of people will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime?

Answer 27

13% - 1 out of 8

Question 28

What % of women are affected by breast cancer that have no family history of the disease?

Answer 28

85%

Question 29

What 2 things unsure the best prognosis for breast cancer?

Answer 29

1. Tumours less than or equal to 1cm 2. Have not spread to the lymph nodes

Question 30

What size of tumours are more common to recur?

Answer 30

5cm or greater

Question 31

What are 5 requirements for breast ultrasound scanning?

Answer 31

1. High resolution - at least 12MHz 2. Large field of view 3. Linear array 4. Dynamic focusing 5. Broad bandwidth

Question 32

What is the best breast US transducer?

Answer 32

7.5-13MHz transducer with an elevation plane of 1.5cm

Question 33

How many shades of grey are required for breast images?

Answer 33

256 shades of gray

Question 34

What is the rate of attenuation of an US sound beam in the human body for soft tissue?

Answer 34

0.5dB/cm/MHz

Question 35

What do overall (or receiver) gain controls do?

Answer 35

Amplifies all echoes returning to the transducer in a uniform manner, with no regard for echo depth

Question 36

What can CEUScan do?

Answer 36

Visualize the neo-vascularity of breast lesions

Question 37

Where is the anterior serratus muscle located?

Answer 37

Deep to the lateral third of breast - arising from the upper 8 ribs, is also forms the medial wall of the axilla before inserting on the anger-medial border of the scapula

Question 38

What happens if a lesion has both benign and malignant features?

Answer 38

The malignant findings take precedence over the benign findings

Question 39

What tumours can have a pseudocystic appearance? (4)

Answer 39

1. High grade DCIS 2. Medullary carcinoma 3. Lymphoma 4. Metastasis to intramammary lymph nodes

Question 40

What should happen once pathology is found?

Answer 40

Check the contralateral breast for comparison

Question 41

What should be considered when using colour or power doppler?

Answer 41

Light pressure - to not occlude any blood vessels

Question 42

What does breast tissue at puberty look like?

Answer 42

Gynecomastia - however thats normal

Question 43

What is shadowing associated with?

Answer 43

Fibrosis - or desmoplasia

Question 44

When can skin thickening and breast edema be present? (4)

Answer 44

1. Inflammatory carcinoma 2. Radiation therapy 3. Mastitis 4. Congestive heart failure

Question 45

What type of nipple discharge is considered ok?

Answer 45

Milky

Question 46

What type of nipple discharge is considered abnormal? (2)

Answer 46

1. Bloody 2. Clear

Question 47

How high should the system power be set?

Answer 47

Only be set high enough to penetrate the chest wall

Question 48

System power

Answer 48

Controls the intensity of the sound beam produced by the transducer

Question 49

What is system power directly related to?

Answer 49

Voltage

Question 50

What is an effective way to help assess the borders and making sure they are well seen?

Answer 50

Rocking the prob in a heel toe orientation

Question 51

What can applying pressure help resolve?

Answer 51

Can help displace shadows caused by Cooper ligaments

Question 52

What % of breast masses are cystic lesions?

Answer 52

25%