Breast Developmental Malformation

Question 1

What are the 2 main categories of malformations of the mammary glands?

Answer 1

1. Presence of supernumerary breast tissue
2. Absence or underdevelopmet of breast tissue

Question 2

What does supernumerary mean?

Answer 2

More numerous or exceeding what is necessary required or desired

Question 3

What is supernumerary breast tissue a result of?

Answer 3

Results from the incomplete involution of the embryonic milk line

Question 4

Is supernumerary breast tissue more common in males for females?

Answer 4

Females

Question 5

What side of the body is supernumerary breast tissue more common on?

Answer 5

Left side of the body

Question 6

What is the most common form of supernumerary breast tissue?

Answer 6

Polythelia

Question 7

Polythelia

Answer 7

Presence of more than 2 nipples on the body

Question 8

What is the second most common form of supernumerary breast tissue?

Answer 8

Polymastia

Question 9

Polymastia

Answer 9

Presence of accessory glandular tissue

Question 10

Where is the most common location for polymastia?

Answer 10

Axilla

Question 11

What are supernumerary breast tissue commonly associated with?

Answer 11

Renal abnormalities

Question 12

Absence/underdevelopment of breast tissue

Answer 12

Partial or underdevelopment of the mammary bud

Question 13

What is the most severe form of absence/underdevelopment of breast tissue?

Answer 13

Amastia

Question 14

Amastia

Answer 14

The complete absence of glandular tissue, nipple and areola

Question 15

What is the most common form of breast underdevelopment?

Answer 15

Hypoplasia

Question 16

Hypoplasia

Answer 16

Presence of small, rudimentary breasts

Question 17

What is another common form of breast underdevelopment, but less common?

Answer 17

Aplasia

Question 18

Aplasia

Answer 18

The absence of glandular tissue in the presence of a nipple and areola

Question 19

What is the rarest form of breast under development

Answer 19

Athelia

Question 20

Athelia

Answer 20

The absence of the nipple and areola in the presence of glandular tissue

Question 21

What kind of abnormalities can athelia be linked to? (4)

Answer 21

1. Facial
2. Renal
3. Genitourinary
4. Delayed menarche

Question 22

Amazia

Answer 22

Condition wherein the breast tissue is absent, but the nipple is present

Question 23

What is amazia a result of? (2)

Answer 23

1. Radiation
2. Surgery

Question 24

Precocious Puberty

Answer 24

Condition characterized by premature development of secondary sexual characteristics and gonadal development prior to 8 years of age in girls and 9 years of age in boys

Question 25

What are 2 types of precocious puberty?

Answer 25

1. True precocious puberty 2. Pseudoprecocious puberty

Question 26

True precocious puberty

Answer 26

Includes early development of secondary sexual characteristics - the development of breasts or pubic hair or the onset of menstration

Question 27

Pseudoprecocious puberty

Answer 27

Secondary sexual characteristics are present but the gonads do not mature

Question 28

What are 9 causes of precocious puberty?

Answer 28

1. Central nervous system cysts 2. Tumours of the pituitary 3. Tumours of the hypothalamus 4. Tumours of the pineal gland 5. Hydrocephalus 6. Ovarian tumours 7. Feminizing adrenal cortical tumours 8. Adrenal carcinoma 9. Exogenous sources of estrogen

Question 29

Unilateral early ripening

Answer 29

Asymmetric development of only one breast, without the presence of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 30

What is unilateral early ripening considered?

Answer 30

A normal variant

Question 31

VBH

Answer 31

Virginal hypertrophy

Question 32

What does virginal hypertrophy cause?

Answer 32

Excessive growth of the breast(s) at the onset of puberty

Question 33

What are 2 other names for virginal hypertrophy?

Answer 33

1. Juvenile macromastia 2. Juvenile gigantomastia

Question 34

Virginal hypertrophy

Answer 34

The presence of excessively large breast in teenagers

Question 35

What is VBH caused by?

Answer 35

Over-sensitivity to the female hormones prolactin, estrogen and progesterone

Question 36

When can VBH start?

Answer 36

At puberty - soon after the first menstrual period

Question 37

How many categories are there for the Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 37

7 - 3 sub types

Question 38

What does category 0 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 38

Incomplete - need additional imaging evaluation

Question 39

What does category 1 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 39

Negative

Question 40

What does category 2 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 40

Benign

Question 41

What does category 3 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 41

Probably benign - 6 month follow up

Question 42

What does category 4 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 42

Suspicious

Question 43

What does category 4A mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 43

Low suspicion for malignancy

Question 44

What does category 4B mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 44

Moderate suspicion for malignancy

Question 45

What does category 4C mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 45

Higher suspicion for malignancy

Question 46

What does category 5 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 46

Highly suggestive of malignancy

Question 47

What does category 6 mean with Bi-Rads classification?

Answer 47

Known biopsy-proven malignancy