Random Pathology factoids

Question 1

Subacute Lymphocytic thyroiditis antibody

Answer 1

anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies

Question 2

causes exophthalmos in graves

Answer 2

glycosaminoglycan deposition in periorbital fat

Question 3

most common cause of thyroid pain

Answer 3

granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 4

thyroid papillary carcinoma mutations

Answer 4

RET or BRAF gain of Function mutations

Question 5

thyroid follicular carcinoma mutations

Answer 5

RAS and PI-3K/AKT activating mutations

Question 6

medullary thyroid carcinoma mutations

Answer 6

RET mutations

Question 7

defect in MEN-2 syndrome

Answer 7

germline RET mutations

Question 8

mutations in GH secreting (somatotroph) pituitary adenomas

Answer 8

GNAS mutations leading to constitutive activation of alpha subunit of the Gs protein

Question 9

syndrome associated with prolactinomas

Answer 9

MEN-1 syndrome

Question 10

mutations in craniopharyngioma

Answer 10

abnormalities of the WNT signaling pathway; activating mutations of the gene encoding B-catenin

Question 11

resistin

Answer 11

peptide hormone that renders cells resistant to insulin, present at high levels in diabetes; inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative burst via PI3K pathways

Question 12

most common infection types in diabetes

Answer 12

skin, feet, lungs, urinary tract

Question 13

pathogens most commonly causing infections in diabetics

Answer 13

staph aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida, zygomycetes

Question 14

pathogen causing malignant external otitis

Answer 14

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 15

pathogen causing rhinocerebral infection

Answer 15

zygomycosis

Question 16

components of metabolic syndrome

Answer 16

diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity

Question 17

cytokines of metabolic syndrome

Answer 17

IL-6, CRP, and PAI

Question 18

most common CODs in diabetes

Answer 18

CVD, ESRD, infection

Question 19

MEN-1 syndrome

Answer 19

germline mutation in MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes menin, which normally blocks activation of JunD

Question 20

MEN-2A syndrome

Answer 20

germline gain of function mutations in RET proto-oncogene

Question 21

MEN-2B syndrome

Answer 21

germline activating mutation in RET proto-oncogene (single aa mutation)

Question 22

Mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine rumors

Answer 22

MEN1
PTEN & TSC2 - mTOR activation
ATRX and DAXX - telomere maintenance

Question 23

Gastrinoma triad

Answer 23

Diarrhea, peptic ulcers and abdominal pain

Question 24

Causes necrolytic migratory erythema

Answer 24

Glucagonoma

Question 25

VIPoma symptoms

Answer 25

Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria

Question 26

Diabetes, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea

Answer 26

Somatostatinoma

Question 27

Men 1 manifestation

Answer 27

Primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic endocrine tumors, pituitary adenoma

Question 28

Men 2a

Answer 28

Pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 29

Men 2B

Answer 29

Neuromas in skin and oral mucosa, marfanoid habitus