readings Flashcards
1
Q
study of goniometry
A
measurement of angles created by human joints
2
Q
arthrokinematic motions are measured by
A
comparing to the same motion on the contralateral side of the body
3
Q
passive joint motions are used to find
A
the tissue that is limiting motion
4
Q
arthrokinematics
A
movement of joint surfaces
5
Q
movements of joint surfaces descriptions
A
slides, spins and rolls
6
Q
slide/glide
A
translatory motion
sliding of one joint surface over another
7
Q
spin
A
rotary motion
all points rotate around a fixed axis
8
Q
roll
A
rotary motion
9
Q
convex joint surface movement
A
convex surface rolls in the same direction as angular motion of bone but slides in opposite direction
10
Q
concave joint surface movement
A
concave surface rolls and slides in the same direction as the angular motion of the bone
11
Q
arthokinematic motions examined for
A
amount of motion
tissue resistance at end feel
effect on patients symptoms
12
Q
osteokinematics
A
gross movement of the shafts of bones
13
Q
osteokinematic movements
A
rotatory motion
14
Q
three planes
A
sagittal
frontal
transverse
15
Q
motions of sagittal plane
A
flexion and extension
16
Q
axis of sagittal plane
A
medial lateral axis
17
Q
frontal plane motions
A
abduction and adduction
18
Q
frontal plane axis
A
anterior posterior axis
19
Q
transverse plane motions
A
rotation
20
Q
transverse planee axis
A
vertical axis
21
Q
can goniometers measure motions in more than one plane?
A
no
22
Q
1 degree of freedom of motion
A
joint that allows motion in only one plane
23
Q
Range of motion
A
arc of motion occurring around a joint or series of joints
24
Q
0 to 180 degree notation system
A
upper and lower extremity joints are at 0 degrees for flexion-extension and abduction-adduction when in anatomical position
when extremity joints are halfway between medial and lateral rotation they are at 0 degrees rotation
25
hyperextension
greater than normal extension ROM
26
180 to 0 degree notation system
anatomical potion is 180 degrees
27
360 degree notation
anatomical position is 180 degrees
flexion and abduction begin at 180 degrees and arc towards 0 degrees
extension and adduction begin at 180 degrees an arc towards 360 degrees
28
active range of motion
arc of motion during unassisted voluntary joint motion
29
AROM tells us
willingness to move
coordination
muscle strength
joint ROM
30
pain during AROM
contracting/stretching of contractile tissues
stretching/pinching of non contractile tissues
31
passive range of motion
arc of motion attained by an examiner without help from the subject
32
is PROM and AROM greater
PROM because small amount of joint under involuntary control
33
does PROM depend on muscle strength and coordination?
no
34
pain during PROM
due to moving, stretching or pinching of non contractile structures
end range: due to stretching of contractile and non contractile structures
35
end-feel
barrier to further motion at the end of PROM
36
soft end feel
soft tissue approximation
37
firm end feeel
muscular, capsular, ligamentous stretch
38
hard end feel
bone contracting bone
39
hypo mobility
decrease in PROM substantially less than normal values
40
potential causes of hypomobiilty
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, adhesive capsulitis, spinal disorders, immobilization after fracture, scar development after burns, stroke, head trauma, cerebral palsy
41
non capsular pattern of restricted motion is caused by
structures other than entire joint capsule
internal joint derangement, adhesion of part of joint capsule, ligament shortening, muscle strain, muscle contractures
42
motions of a joint in capsular vs noncapsular
capsular: all or most motions
non capsular: one or two motions
43
hyper mobility
increase in PROM above normal values for gender and age
44
causes of hypermobility
Ehlers-danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, rheumatic disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, Down syndrome
45
ROM evaluation
should be compared to contralateral side
then compare to age and gender norms if available
46
age related effects of ROM may also be
joint specific
47
gender related effects or ROM are also
joint and motion specific and have greater differences in adults
48
maximal muscle length
greatest extensibility of a muscle tendon unit
49
passive insufficiency
inability of a muscle to lengthen and allow full ROM at all the joints the muscle crosses
50
how does different testing position alter ROM
more taut soft tissue structures- limit ROM
more lax soft tissue structures- increase ROM
51
why is stabilization during ROM testing important?
to fix proximal segment to determine accurate ROM
52
stationary arm of goniometer is aligned with
proximal segment of the joint
53
moving arm of the goniometer is aligned
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the distal segment of the joint
54
therapeutic exercise
systematic, planned performance of movements, postures, or physical activities to restore function, reduce risk factors and optimize health
55
physical therapy patient
has impairments and function deficits and is receiving PT to improve function
56
physical therapy client
has no diagnosed dysfunction and is getting PT to promote wellness
57
balance
ability to align the body and move without falling
58
cardiopulmonary fitness
ability to perform repetitive, total body movements for a period of time
59
coordination
performing movement with proper timing and sequencing
60
flexibility/ mobility
moving freely without restriction through ROM
61
muscular performance
strength, power, and muscular endurance
62
neuromuscular control
interaction of sensory and motor systems to produce coordinated movement
63
stability
ability of the neuromuscular system to hold a body segment stable
64
components of physical function
muscle performance
cardiopulmonary/ endurance
mobility/ flexibility
neuromuscular control/ coordination
stability
balance/ postural equilibrium
65
how are therapeutic exercises selected?
based on the underlying cause
66
what factors influence patient safety?
health history
environment
performance of exercise
patient education
67
International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF)
bio psycho social model that puts more emphasis on how people are impacted by their health conditions
68
composite impairment
result of multiple underlying causes and caused by combination of primary and secondary impairments
69
what is a PT trying to resolve with treatment
elimination or reduction of functionally relevant impairments
70
basic activities of daily living (BADL)
bathing
dressing
feeding
71
instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)
occupational
school related
housekeeping
recreational
72
what level(s) of prevention is physical therapy implemented for?
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
73
clinical prediction rules
predict likely responses of patients to treatment
74
five components of the process of patient management
comprehensive examination
evolution of data
diagnosis based on function, limitations and disability
prognosis and plan of care
interventions
75
elements of evaluation
health history
systems review
tests and measures
76
purpose of systems review
find abnormalities that require further testing
77
what is a PT classifying in a diagnosis?
dysfunction
78
prognosis
prediction of patient's optimal level of function that is expected from treatment plan
79
factors that impact prognosis
familiarity with patient's health
knowledge of tissue healing
experience
knowledge of efficacy of tests and accuracy of findings
80
plan of care includes
goals
functional outcomes
time frame
specific interventions
frequency and duration
discharge plans
81
areas of PT intervention
coordination, communication, documentation
interventions
patient-related instruction
82
stage of motor learning for fine tuning a motor task
associative
83
why is there no specific muscle length tests for one joint muscles?
the indirect measurement of length of one joint muscles is the same as measurement of passive joint ROM
84
passive insufficiency
inability of a muscle to length and allow full ROM at all the joints it crosses
85
how is the length of a two joint muscle assessed?
measuring passive ROM in the direction opposite to the muscle's action at the second joint
86
how is the length of a multi-joint muscle assessed?
measuring passive ROM in the direction opposite so that the muscle is lengthened over all the muscles the joint crosses except for the last one
87
kinesiology
study of movement
88
kinematics
motion of the body without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion
89
two types of motion
translation and rotation
90
translation
all of the rigid body moves parallel to and in the same direction as the rest of the body
91
rotation
rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point and all points in the body rotate in the same angular direction across the same number of degrees
92
three variables of kinematics
position
velocity
acceleration
93
osteokinematics
motion of bones relative to thee planes of the body
94
degrees of freedom
number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint (up to 3)
95
arthrology
study of the classification, structure and function of joints
96
synarthrosis
junction between bones that allows slight to essentially no movement
97
fibrous joints
stabilized by specialized dense connective tissues
98
fibrous joint examples
skull, tibiofibular joint
99
cartilaginous joints
stabilized by flexible fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
100
examples of cartilaginous joints
symphysis pubis, vertebrae, manubriosternal
101
diathesis/ synovial joints
allow moderate to extensive motion
102
hinge joint
motion occurs in a plane located at right angles to the axis of rotation
103
examples of hinge joints
humeri-ulnar joint
interphalangeal joint
104
pivot joint
central pin surrounded by a larger cylinder that is parallel to the axis of rotation
105
examples of a pivot joint
humeroradial joint
atlanto-axial joint
106
ellipsoid joint
one part has a convex elongated surface in one dimension that is mated with another elongate concave surface on the other that allows biplanar motions and restricts spinning
107
example of ellipsoid joint
radoiocarpal joint
108
ball and socket joint
spheric convex surface paired with a cup-like socket that has motion in three planes and allows spinning without dislocation
109
examples of ball and socket joint
glenohumeral joint
hip joint
110
plane joint
two flat or relatively flat surfaces that combine sliding and some rotation of one side in respect to the other
111
examples of plane joints
carpometacarpal joints
inter carpal joints
inter tarsal joints
112
saddle joint
one surface is concave and one is convex and they are at right angles to each other that allows motion in two planes by limits spin
113
examples of saddle joints
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
sternoclavicular joint
114
condyloid joint
convex surface paired with a cup-like socket that is relatively shallow and allows two degrees of freedom
115
examples of condyloid joints
metacarpophalangeal joint
knee joint
116
ovoid joint
paired mating surfaces that are imperfectly spheric. one surface is convex and the other is concave
117
type 1 collagen
thick fibers that elongate very little when placed under tension- stiff/strong and found in ligaments and fibrous joint capsules
118
type 2 collagen
thinner fibers with less tensile strength- provide framework for shape maintenance
119
elastin fibers
interweaving fibrils that resist stretching but have more give when elongated
120
materials that make up connective tissue
fibrous proteins
ground substance
cells
121
dense connective tissue
fibrous layer of joint capsule, ligaments and tendons- adapt to physical stimuli
122
articular cartilage
specialized hyaline cartilage that forms load bearing surface of joints - avascular
123
fibrocartilage
mix of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage that provides resilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage and the tensile strength of ligaments and tendons
124
anterior ligaments of the hip joint
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
125
posterior ligament of hip joint
ischiofemoral
126
type and degrees of freedom of hip joint
synovial ball and socket
3 degrees of freedom
127
axis of motion of hip joint
femoral head
128
normal hip flexion ROM
120 degrees
129
normal hip extension ROM
30 degrees
130
normal hip abduction ROM
40 degrees
131
normal hip adduction
20 degrees
132
two muscles that limit hip extension in Thomas test
illiopsoas and rectus femoris
133
medial rotation of hip ROM
40 degrees
134
lateral rotation of hip ROM
50 degrees
135
relationship between BMI and ROM at hip
higher BMI, decreased ROM
136
passive insufficiency
ROM of a joint is limited by the muscle's length
137
joint mobilization is in the same direction as what part of joint movement
sliding
138
compression of a joint
decrease in joint space
139
distraction of a joint
pulling apart and increasing joint space
140
traction of a joint
longitudinal pull
141
joint mobilization is used to treat
pain and guarding
142
stretching is used to treat
restricted movement
143
contradictions to mobilization
hypermobility
joint effusion
inflammation
144
grade 1 oscillations
small amplitude oscillations at the beginning of range
145
grade 2 oscillations
large amplitude oscillations at mid range
146
grade 3 oscillations
large amplitude oscillations reaching end range
147
grade 4 oscillations
small amplitude oscillations at end range
148
grade 1 sustained joint play
small amplitude distraction with no stress placed on joint capsule
149
grade 2 sustained joint play
enough distraction to tighten tissues around the joint
150
grade 3 sustained joint play
distraction with large enough amplitude to apply stretch to joint capsule
