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Ls 15 > Receptors and Drugs > Flashcards

Receptors and Drugs Flashcards

(38 cards)

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1
Q

What is proximate causation

A

The physiological/biochemical explanation for a trait, behavior, phenomenon

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2
Q

What is ultimate causation

A

The evolutionary reason for the trait/behavior/phenomenon

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous system: Sensory and motor nerves

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4
Q

How do action potential start in the first place

A
  1. Airborne smell in the air
  2. Attaches to modified dendrites
  3. Goes to your nasal cavity
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5
Q

What are sensory cells

A

Modified dendrites interacting with the outside world and sending into to our brain

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6
Q

What receptor is the sense of smell

A

Chemoreceptor

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7
Q

What receptor is the sense of taste

A

Chemoreceptor

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8
Q

What receptor is vision

A

Photoreceptor

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9
Q

What receptor is hearing

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

What receptor is touch

A

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

What happens during typical synapse functioning (acetylcholine)

A
  1. Action potential arrives at terminal button
  2. Calcium channel open and calcium rushes in
  3. Vesicles fuse with terminal button membrane
  4. Neurotransmitter dumped into synapse
  5. Neurotransmitter bind with postsynaptic receptors, causes: (in this case acetylcholine receptor)
    Muscle contraction
    Action potential
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12
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter that don’t bind to receptor

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. enzymatic breakdown
  3. diffusion of neurotransmitter
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13
Q

What was the result of putting electrodes in rats brain

A

Rats loved the sensation and would do anything to get it

Helped them to want to navigate through complex mazes

Would self stimulate to the point of death from starvation

Pressed the button more than 7500 times in 12 hours

It is one of several pleasure center in the brain called “do it again center”

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14
Q

What is going on in the pleasure center

A
  1. Neuron is stimulated (in response to your behavior)
  2. Dopamine is released into the synapse
  3. Receptors on adjacent cell bind to dopamine and fire
  4. Happiness ensues
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15
Q

What happens to receptor when you do cocaine

A
  1. Cocaine binds to reuptake receptors. Blocks them
  2. Dopamine remains in synapse

3.Pleasure is intensified

  1. The message “something good is going on” is not terminated
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16
Q

What affect does serotonin have

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A
  1. Appetite
  2. Sleep
  3. Anxiety
  4. Mood
  5. It makes you content and satiated (among other things)
17
Q

What happens if you block reuptake of serotonin

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A

Reduces depression if you blocked reuptake of serotonin

18
Q

What is adenosine

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A

Adenosine is a chemical produced as a by-product of a cellular metabolism. It is like “cellular exhaust”

19
Q

What happens when adenosine receptors are filled

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A

When adenosine receptors are filled, the ion channels open and the cell becomes less likely to fire

20
Q

What does drinking caffeine do to receptors

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A

Caffeine masquerades as adenosine but doesn’t make a neuron less likely to fire

Caffeine prevents accumulation adenosine from inhibiting brain activity

Your brain activity isn’t inhibited and you feel more alert and less tired

21
Q

What effect does caffeine have on athletic endurance

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A

19% more endurance with caffeine consumption 1 hour before bike race

22
Q

What effect does caffeine have on learning in animals

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A

Increased performance in maze learning by rats given caffeine

23
Q

How does botox work

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A
  1. Gets into terminal button at neuron/muscle synapses
  2. Degrades the “SNAP 25” protein (and others) required for fusion of vesicles with the terminal button membranes
  3. It prevents release of acetylcholine
  4. It paralyzes the muscle
  5. it stays in the terminal button for two months
24
Q

What effect does LSD have

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A

Binds to serotonin receptors, increasing their sensitivity

Leads to euphoria and altered perception

25
What effect does crystal meth have
Stimulates dopamine release and stimulates serotonin release
26
What effect does oxycontin have
mimics an opium like neurotransmitter in pain neurons, blocking their function
27
What effect does ecstasy have
Increases serotonin production and blocks serotonin reuptake Permanently damages serotonin producing cells in cerebral cortex (used in learning) and hippocampus (used for memory) Lasting impact on serotonergic neurons
28
What effect does adderall have
Increases the release of adrenaline Increase the release of dopamine Blocks reuptake of adrenaline Blocks reuptake of dopamine Blocks reuptake of serotonin Inhibits monoamine oxidase
29
What effect does Amphetamine have
Released dopamine and adrenaline into the synapse and blocks reuptake of both Binding last much longer than cocaine 15 min vs 8 hours
30
How does alcohol affect us
1. Alcohol reduces anxiety -Gaba is an inhibitory neurotransmitter releasing it calms you down and alcohol mimics gaba 2.Alcohol produces stimulates energized feelings -increases dopamine levels 3.Alcohol blocks pain -Endorphins block pain messages 4.Alcohol brings down depression -Alcohol serotonin receptor activity goes up 5.Alcohol slows you down -breaks receptors: slows/slurred speech
31
How do our bodies process alcohol
Body is producing alcohol dehydrogenase and breaking down ethanol into acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde is going to be broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase turning into acetic acid
32
Why can we metabolize alcohol
Our intestinal bacteria produce ethanol (but in small amounts)
33
What is the urban myth of asians and alcohol
50% produce an inactive form of alcohol dehydrogenase “Fast flushing” If you have one inactive alcohol dehydrogenase gene your body can process the alcohol if you drink slowly however if both are inactive you will experience symptoms quicker
34
How might you make a drug that helps treat alcoholism
Antabuse: Blocks action of alcohol dehydrogenase Aspirin blocks alcohol dehydrogenase
35
What does it mean to have a long version of DRD4 dopamine receptor gene
Reduced sensitivity dopamine receptor
36
What does it mean to have a short version of DRD4 dopamine receptor gene
Increased sensitivity dopamine receptor
37
What happens if someone have has a long version of DRD4 dopamine receptor gene
They get less pleasure from the same amount of dopamine release They are more likely to do thing to get more dopamine Having a “long” version of the dopamine receptor allele is associated with novelty seeking
38
What happens with Sexual novelty-seeking of long gene
Heterosexual Males with the longer version were 6 times more likely to have had sex with another man Heterosexual males for both short and long gene were about the same Gay males were 5 times more likely to have had sex with a woman if they had long gene

Ls 15 (4 decks)

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