Testosterone, Reproduction, Neurons, Action potential

Question 1

What does testosterone do

Answer 1

Maintains and regulates sperm production and some secondary sex characteristics

Question 2

What performance does testosterone improve

Answer 2

Improves performance on spatial task

Question 3

How did song birds change with testosterone implant

Answer 3

Fought more often for territory

Reduced function of their immune system

Decreased their overall fitness

Increased reproductive success (with a cost)

Increased territory size/quality

Question 4

How did testosterone in chess/tennis players change

Answer 4

The winner testosterone stayed high and the losers went down

Both competitors testosterone are increasing before the match

Question 5

How did humans physical performance change on testosterone

Answer 5

Human strength: 5-20% increase (10 weeks supplemental T)

Question 6

How did lizards performance change on testosterone

Answer 6

Lizards speed and stamina 24% increase, ( 2 weeks of T)

Question 7

How does testosterone influence behavior

Answer 7

People who get supplemental testosterone it doesn’t have major change behavior in most

Question 8

How to test testosterone effects on spatial ability

Answer 8

1. Compare differences in performance with natural blood levels of testosterone
2. Administer testosterone and compare pre-post performance
3. Block testosterone and compare pre-post performance

Question 9

Why is investing for reproduction larger for females

Answer 9

Larger Gametes

Internal gestation

Lactation

Question 10

How did access to additional mates affect male fitness

Answer 10

Access to additional mates for males increased their fitness

Question 11

How did access to additional mates affect female fitness

Answer 11

Access to additional mates for females did not increase their fitness

Question 12

What does male-female variance in reproductive success look like in elephant seals

Answer 12

December
-Males fight to control beach
-Go without food until march
-Establish dominance hierarchy

January
-Females arrive, ready to mate

High variance in male reproductive success
-Top 4% get 85% of the copulation
-May have 50-229 babies in one year
-Most males never have sex

Question 13

Why will the sex that invest more be discriminating

Answer 13

Demand honest signal of health

Value fighting ability

Elicit a commitment to invest

Question 14

What type of commitments to invest do sexes elicit

Answer 14

Courtship dance

Nuptial gifts

Question 15

How does the sex that invest less try and get attention from high investing sex

Answer 15

Competition for access

Mate guarding/extending mating

Sperm Competition

Question 16

What is polygyny

Answer 16

One male bonds with multiple females

High variance in males Reproductive success /Low variance in females reproductive success

Question 17

What is polyandry

Answer 17

One female bonds with multiple males

Low variance in male reproductive success / High variance in female reproductive success

Question 18

What is monogamy

Answer 18

One female bonds with one male

Low variance in both / Low number of mates each

Question 19

What 2 systems are responsible to responding to stimuli and coordinating info in body

Answer 19

Hormones

Neurons

Question 20

What is a neuron

Answer 20

Used for quick responses such as when you are burning your hand send signals to brain to take hand off

Neurons for the most part do not replace themselves

Question 21

What is nervous system

Answer 21

nervous system collects information the organism internal and external environment, processes that information, and respond by sending signals to muscles and glands

Question 22

What is soma

Answer 22

Cell body

Contains the nucleus and and all metabolic organelle

Question 23

What is the purpose of dendrites

Answer 23

Receive signals

Tree shaped portion which receive inputs from other axons and transmit signal to the cell body

Question 24

What is the purpose of axon

Answer 24

Carries outgoing impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal button and to other neurons

Question 25

What is the purpose of myelin sheath

Answer 25

Fatty material that insulates axon Prevents degradation of pulse

Question 26

What is the purpose of terminal button

Answer 26

Final destination for the electric impulse/action potential Transfers signals to next neuron

Question 27

How is myelin sheath connected to sclerosis

Answer 27

Immune system attacks myelin Destruction of myelin in the central nervous system Leads to numbness,spasms, imprecise movement

Question 28

What are glial cells

Answer 28

The support staff for neurons Outnumber neurons 10-50x Insulate axon with myelin Provide nutrients to neurons

Question 29

How does nervous system work

Answer 29

1. Initiates action potential in response to external stimuli: sound, smell, sight, etc) 2. Travels from dendrite down axon 3.Synapses with another cell (a muscle, gland, or another neuron; causing a response)

Question 30

What is the knowledge

Answer 30

The knowledge is a test that involves memorizing thousands of streets and routes within a six-mile radius of as well as landmarks

Question 31

How was the posterior hippocampus different for taxi and non taxi drivers

Answer 31

The posterior hippocampus important in spatial navigation and memory was larger in taxi driver than non taxi drivers

Question 32

How did posterior hippocampus for qualified trainees change

Answer 32

For the qualified trainees who passed before after doing training their posterior hippocampus grew

Question 33

How did posterior hippocampus for non qualified trainees change

Answer 33

For those failed the test their posterior hippocampus stayed the same before and after

Question 34

How does resting state work in action potential

Answer 34

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) channels closed. Some leakage of both

Question 35

How depolarization state work in action potential

Answer 35

Requires that a threshold is met Open Na+ channel; keeps K+ closed Na+ rushes in Cell becomes positive

Question 36

How does repolarization state work in action potential

Answer 36

Close Na+ channels, Open K+ channels K+ rushes out Cell becomes negative again

Question 37

How does return to resting state work in action potential

Answer 37

Na+ and K+ channels closed K+ pumped in Na+ pumped out Pumps ions back across the membrane

Question 38

What is synaptic cleft/gap

Answer 38

Intercellular space between the neurons

Question 39

What is pre-synaptic neuron

Answer 39

Terminal button of the first neuron

Question 40

What is post synaptic neuron

Answer 40

Dendrites/cell body of second neuron

Question 41

What is an action potential

Answer 41

An action potential is a self propagating, all or none change in the membrane potential, that travels down an axon

Question 42

How does action potential occur

Answer 42

Occurs when there is enough of an excitatory signal received by the dendrites