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MD2001 > Red Blood Cells (RBC) > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells (RBC) Flashcards

1
Q

How much Blood Volume a normal 70kg adult contain?

A

5L, of which 40% cells and 60% plasma

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2
Q

Describe anaemia and polycythaemia

A

Anaemia is having a lower percentage of blood cells compared to normal. Polycythaemia is having a higher percentage of blood cells compared to normal.

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3
Q

What is the life span of RBC?

A

100 days

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4
Q

Why are RBC subject to high pressures?

A

Because they are squeezed through narrow capillaries every minute

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of a RBC?

A

Has a biconcave disc appearance and no nucleus

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6
Q

What makes RBC flexible?

A

Because they have no nucleus, thus increase surface area

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7
Q

What maintains the gas exchange in RBC? and what makes that gas exchange fast?

A

Gas exchange is faster because of the high surface area of a RBC, and it is maintained by a complex cytoskeletal system

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8
Q

Why RBC are unable to divide?

A

Because they have no nucleus or ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the main function of RBC?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and maintain acid and base balance. This is by maintaining membrane integrity and preventing oxidation of haemoglobin

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10
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur?

A

In bone marrow.

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11
Q

What is extramedullary haemopoiesis?

A

A haemotological disease that occurs when haemopoiesis occurs in the spleen or liver

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12
Q

What does bone marrow stroma contain?

A

Macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, fat cells and associated stromal proteins

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13
Q

What is used to stain macrophages in marrow?

A

Peroxidase - stains brown

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14
Q

What are the growth factors that drive maturation?

A 
Interleukin 3 
Erythropoitetin (biggest factor)
Androgens
Thyroxine 
Growth hormone
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15
Q

Define reticulocytes

A

an immature red blood cells without a nucleus

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16
Q

Define reticulin

A

Remnants of mRNA left once the nucleus of maturing RBC has been extruded (often removed by spleen in 1-2 days)

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17
Q

Why is reticulin useful?

A

It is a useful measure of marrow response to anaemia or treatment

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18
Q

How is reticulin stained?

A

By new methylene blue on slide, or an automated count

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19
Q

What is the normal level of Iron in an adult?

A

3000-5000mg

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20
Q

How much Iron does a daily diet contain? How much is actually absorbed, and in which form?

A

10-20mg. Only 1-2mg is absorbed in ferrous form

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21
Q

In what cases more absorption of Iron is necessary?

A

Blood loss or pregnancy

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22
Q

Where is the ferrous form of Iron transported to?

A

Duodenal enterocytes

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23
Q

What is the regulator of Iron absorption and the release from macrophages?

A

Hepcidin (in gut)

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24
Q

What are the mechanisms to excrete Iron?

A

There are no mechanisms

25
Q

What causes Iron loss?

A 
Blood sampling
Minor trauma
Menstrual loss (period)
Very small amounts in urine/skin shedding
GI (1mL per day)
26
Q

How is Iron transported

A

Transferrin and Ferritin

27
Q

When are Transferrin receptors increased?

A

During Iron deficiency

28
Q

What is the best measure of Iron stores?

A

Ferritin

29
Q

What is the daily requirement of Folate and how much does a diet contain?

A
  1. 1mg

0. 25mg

30
Q

What contains folic acid and where is it absorbed?

A

Green vegetables and fruits

It is absorbed in the upper small intestine/bowel

31
Q

What can cause deficiency in folic acid?

A

Poor intake, poor absorption and increased need

32
Q

What is the daily requirement of Cobalamin and how much does a diet contain?

A

1mg

5mg

33
Q

What contains B12 and where is it absorbed?

A

In animal derived products

Absorbed in terminal ileum

34
Q

How is B12 moved into the terminal ileum?

A

Gastric parietal cells produce intrinsic factor that binds to B12 and stays in gut and moves into terminal ileum. Transported on transcobalamin II via protal circualtion liver

35
Q

What can cause deficiency in B12?

A

Vegan diet or perinicous anaemia

36
Q

What can cause gastric atrophy?

A

Antibodies to intrinsic factors

37
Q

What catalyses the conversion of uridine to thymidine?

A

The change from 5 THF to THF and then into 5,10 methelene THF, which is all started by B12

38
Q

What is the role of Erythropoietin?

A

It controls the rate of RBC production in blood marrow

39
Q

What produces Erythropoietin?

A

The kidney (90%) and the liver (10%)

40
Q

How is Erythropoietin regulated?

A

The body has no stores of Erythropoietin, and its regulation is at the gene transcription level

41
Q

How is Erythropoietin switched on?

A

Tissue hypoxia or anaemia
High altitude
Epo producing tumours (e.g. Kidney)

42
Q

What is Erythropoietin useful for as a recombinant drug?

A

Renal anaemia and myelodysplasia

43
Q

What gives the RBC membrane its rigid shape?

A

The two strands of Sceptrin

44
Q

Describe the RBC membrane

A

Lipid bi-layer with protein bound into it

45
Q

Describe what makes a Haemoglobin

A

Four globin chains and four haem molecules.

2 Alpha-like chains (Ch 16), Zeta (Early foetal) then Alpha

2 Beta-like chains (Ch 11), Epsilon then Gamma, then Delta, then Beta

46
Q

What makes a Haemoglobin for an adult?

A

2 Alpha and 2 Beta

47
Q

What makes a Haemoglobin for an early foetal?

A

2 Alpha and 2 Gamma

48
Q

Define Thalassaemia

A

An inherited defect in globin chain production

49
Q

Define Sickle Cell disease

A

One amino acid change in beta chain

50
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

In skeletal muscle. It is a store of Oxygen for immediate use.

51
Q

Describe the structure of Myoglobin

A

One haem unit, one globin chain

52
Q

How pH is measured?

A

pH is measured on log scale

53
Q

Why is acid-balance important?

A

Enzymes work optimally at physiological Ph

Cell membranes become leaky in acidosis

Neurones become less able to transmit in acidosis (hyperactive in alkalosis)

54
Q

State the buffer systems of the human body

A
  1. Bicarbonate (60% of buffer capacity)
    - A decrease in pH/increase in H+ will drive equation to the left
  2. Haemoglobin (30% of buffer capacity)
    - H+ combines with Haemoglobin after loss of Oyxgen and Low pH decreases Haemoglobin affinity for O2
55
Q

What is the catalyst for the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)

56
Q

What is the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 —> H+ + HCO3-

57
Q

What is the equation for the haemoglobin buffer system?

A

CO2 + Hb —> HbCOO- + H+

58
Q

What causes RBC loss or destruction?

A

As RBC age, membrane becomes more rigid and the loss of glycolytic enzymes increases and neoantigents exposed on cell surface

Some are lost from GI tract/into soft tissues/menstrual loss

Some RBC destroyed within body

MD2001 (14 decks)

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