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MD2001 > White Blood Cells (WBC) > Flashcards

White Blood Cells (WBC) Flashcards

Questions and Definitions

1
Q

A. How much Red Blood Cells are usually in a normal blood sample?

B. What are the rest?

A

A. 42%

B. Mostly Plasma, and a small percentage of White Cells and Platelets

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2
Q

Define Haematocrit

A

The ratio of the volume of Red Blood Cells to the total volume of blood

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3
Q

What is WBC differential?

A

WBC differential determines the percentage of each type of White Blood Cell present in a sample of blood. Additionally, it can also detect immature WBC and abnormalities.

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4
Q

Describe other additional tests used that are related to WBC

A
  1. Flow cytometry that is useful in showing Lymphoid and Myeloid populations, and degree of Cell maturity.
  2. Cytogenetics: involves analyzing chromosomes to identify structural abnormalities by using FISH in metaphase analysis
  3. Gene sequencing: looks for specific mutations
  4. Bone marrow examination: assessment of number/type of normal and abnormal cells
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5
Q

What is involved in Bone marrow examination?

A

Bone marrow examination includes same range of tests as FBC and can be either by Aspirate or Trephine

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6
Q

Describe stem cells and how they differentiate in the human body?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same types, and from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.

Typically, a stem cell forms blood islands in yolk sac. The cells then migrate into the liver, then spleen. After six months of development, they migrate into marrow in the foetus. At birth, marrow is widely distributed retreating to Axial Skeleton by adulthood.

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7
Q

What are some of the components of bone marrow?

A

Stroma and sinus capillary.

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8
Q

What is the commonest type of WBC in blood?

A

Neutrophils (50-70% of total blood cells)

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9
Q

Which type of WBC has the shortest life span (and how long is their life span? Where do they die?)

A

Neutrophils (8-10 hours) and they die in tissues or blood stream

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10
Q

What is the primary function of a Neutrophil?

A

Rapid response and defense against bacteria and fungi.

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11
Q

What type of defense do Neutrophils offer?

A

Non-specific

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12
Q

How are neutrophils attached to sites of infection?

A

Chemoattractant chemicals

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13
Q

Define Chemotaxis

A

The movement of a motile cell (neutrophil) in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing (chemoattractant chemicals) or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

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14
Q

How do Neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

Killing of ingested bacterial occurs by a variety of mechanisms (including oxygen-dependent pathway) but mainly neutrophil granules often contain several different proteins/ enzymes that kill those bacteria (such as peroxidase and lysozome)

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15
Q

What do neutrophils respond to?

A

They rise as acute response to bacterial infection, inflammation and malignancy.

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of Eosinophils

A

They have a striking orange appearance due to the cytoplasm that takes up eosin dye when blood films are stained

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17
Q

What gives Eosinophils the orange/pink colour?

A

Eosin stains granules orange of pink

18
Q

What is the main function of Eosinophils?

A

Defense against helminth parasitic infestations/infection

19
Q

What promotes the growth of helminth?

A

Interleukin-5

20
Q

What attracts Eosinphils to the site of helminth infection?

A

Chemokines

21
Q

Name some of the areas in which Eosinophils are commonly seen in

A

Atopy (e.g. eczema, asthma, hayfever)

In Hodgkin’s disease, Chronic myeloid leukaemia

22
Q

List the mediators of inflammation that Basophils contain

A

Histamine
Protease
Heparin
Leukotrienes

23
Q

What roles are Basophils involved in?

A

Inflammation, phagocytosis and hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction.

24
Q

What types of cells are thought to be similar to Mast cells?

A

Basophils

25
Q

What are the types of Agranulocytes and granulocytes?

A

Macrophages/monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

26
Q

What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?

A

4-5 hours

27
Q

Which cell has a kidney-shaped nucleus?

A

Monocytes/macrophages

28
Q

What do monocyte granules store?

A

Acid hydrolases and myeloperoidase

29
Q

What is the main function of Monocytes?

A
  1. Kill mycobacteria, fungi and intracellular organisms
  2. They are Antigen-Presenting Cells, which means they can ingest pathogenic material and degrade it and present peptide or peptide fragments to T lymphocytes
30
Q

Why are monocytes called Antigen-Presenting Cells?

A

Because they present peptide or peptide fragments to T lymphocytes

31
Q

Which Blood Cell has the longest life span?

A

Lymphocytes, they live for years and act as memory cells

32
Q

Which cell has very little cytoplasm and a round nucleus?

A

Lymphocyte

33
Q

What are the main types of Lymphocytes (and where are they found?)

A

T (bone marrow or bursae) and B (thymus and chest). As well as NK (involved in cytotoxicity reactions)

34
Q

Describe the two forms of Leukaemia and what are they different in?

A

Acute and Chronic.

Acute tends to present more dramatically, and must be treated early or death will occur shortly soon, and it is known to be more diverse.

Chronic is more slow growing (indolent).

They are different in their pace of disease, presentation, molecular mechanism, method of treatment and outcome.

35
Q

Which type of Leukaemia is characterized with the presence of Ph?

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

36
Q

What is Ph?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome, which is a specific genetic abnormality associated with the translocation of chromosome 22 (to Ch 9).

37
Q

What does the new gene code of Ph inhibits?

A

Tyrosine kinase, and this allows the cell to keep dividing non-stop

38
Q

What type of drugs are used for CML?

A

The drug used links to the Tyrosine kinase, and the activation of the cell cannot proceed because of the activation site that is blocked

39
Q

What are some of the CML symptoms?

A

Anaemia, large spleen and bone pain

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (and state why)?

A

Marrow failure.
Tiredness and shortness of breath, anaemia (due to reduced RBC)

Increased susceptibility of infection (due to reduced WBC)

Bruising or bleeding (due reduced platelets)

41
Q

What are some of the treatments for AML?

A

Diverse cytogenetic changes

Chemotherapy to produce marrow aplasia

Transplant of peripheral blood or marrow (or derivation of marrow from stem cells)

42
Q

What type of cells correlate blood level to clinical activity

A

Eosinophils

MD2001 (14 decks)

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