Structure of the airway

Question 1

Define respiration

Answer 1

Providing oxygen to the body, and removing carbon dioxide through inhalation and exhalation

Question 2

How does the body increase the size of the thorax?

Answer 2

Contraction (and lowering) the diaphragm and raising the ribs

Creating a negative intra-thoracic pressure (that sucks air through the conductive passages to the lung)

Question 3

How is the air warmed, filtered and humidified?

Answer 3

In the conchae. Mucus, cilia, vascular mucosa

Question 4

Does any type of exhalation require energy?

Answer 4

Most of normal exhalation require no muscle activity, as it is a passive movement. However, forced exhalation is an energy-involved process

Question 5

Entry into the nasal cavity is via?

Answer 5

The nares

Question 6

What holds open the nasal cavities?

Answer 6

Combination of bones and cartilage

Question 7

What lines the nasal cavities?

Answer 7

Highly vascularised mucosal membrane lined with respiratory epithelium

Question 8

What are the names of the bones around the septum?

Answer 8

Ethmoid (superior)

Vomen (inferior)

Question 9

What is the septum made of?

Answer 9

Anteriorly: Septal cartilage

Posteriorly:
Bone

Question 10

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavities?

Answer 10

Nasal septum
Hard and soft palates
Bone (ehmoid, frontonasal, sphenoid, roof)
Nasal conchae

Question 11

What is the function of conchae?

Answer 11

Provide turbulence and increase the surface area for air flow and heat exchange

Question 12

Which meatus allow joining spaces with maxillary sinuses?

Answer 12

Middle

Question 13

Where do the orbits lie in relation to the nasal cavity?

Answer 13

Lateral

Question 14

What is the role of sinuses?

Answer 14

Assist in warming incoming air, as well as significantly reducing the weight of the skull

Question 15

What does clearance of mucus depend on?

Answer 15

Ciliary action

Question 16

Name all the nasal sinuses

Answer 16

Frontal
Ethmodial
Sphenodial
Maxillary

Question 17

What drains tears from the conjunctive of the eye?

Answer 17

Nasolacrimal duct

Question 18

What is the characteristic of the nasal mucosal membrane?

Answer 18

It is highly vascularised

Question 19

Where is the common area for apistaxis or nosebleeds?

Answer 19

Kiesselbach area (rich in anastomosing arteries - orange in colour)

Question 20

Where is all smells signalled to?

Answer 20

Olfactory epithelium

Question 21

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 21

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larygopharynx

Question 22

What divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

Answer 22

Soft palate

Question 23

What allows the epiglottis to close?

Answer 23

Aryepiglottic fold, which forms the laryngeal inlet, which is a protective sphincter. Closure of the inlet is by elevation of the larynx

Question 24

What is the only bone in the body that is not connected to any other bone?

Answer 24

Hyoid bone

Question 25

What does the larynx consist of? Name all of the continents.

Answer 25

1 bone and 6 cartilage Bone: Hyoid ``` Cartilage: Single: 1. Thyroid 2. Epiglottic 3. Cricoid Paired 4. Arytenoid 5. Corniculate 6. Cuneiform ```

Question 26

What is the location of incision?

Answer 26

Cricothryroid membrane

Question 27

What is the upper and lower edges of the quadrangular membrane?

Answer 27

Aryepiglottic fold is upper | Vestibular fold is lower

Question 28

Where is the saccule located? and what is its function?

Answer 28

Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle, and there are mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds

Question 29

What is the opening of the vocal folds?

Answer 29

Rima glottidis