Flashcards in Reduced Lung Volume Deck (40)
Loading flashcards...
1
How is alveolar ventilation measured?
Respiratory rate x (tidal volume - deadspace)
2
What is regional ventilation?
Ventilation in specific regions of the lung
3
What is minute ventilation?
Respiratory rate x tidal volume
4
What is functional residual capacity?
Resting volume of the lung at the end of tidal breaths
5
What is the difference between atelectasis and lung collapse?
- Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli
- Lung collapse is the collapse of whole regions of the lung
6
What is FRC a balance of?
- Inward elastic recoil of the lungs
- Springing out of the ribcage
7
What is closing capacity?
Volume of gas in the lungs at the time when small airways in the dependent portions (lower portions) of the lungs close during maximal exhalation
8
Why is pleural pressure less negative at the bottom of the lungs?
Because gravity pulls down the weight of the lung, making the space bigger (i.e. less pressure)
9
How is closing capacity measured?
Single breath nitrogen test
10
What factors does closing capacity increase with?
Age, COPD, smoking (loss of elastic recoil)
11
What is the relationship between closing capacity and body position?
- Higher when standing upright
- Lower when supine
12
What occurs when CC > FRC?
Dependent airway closure occurs during tidal breathing, i.e. much more likely to get lung collapse in those airways
13
What is the difference between CC and equal pressure point?
- CC is a volume
- EPP is where pleural pressure & pressure within alveoli are equal causing dynamic collapse (pressure-related, nothing to do with dependence/non-dependence)
14
What are the causes of reduced lung volume?
- External compression of lung tissue
- Reduced chest wall compliance
- Reduced central drive
- Decreased ability of respiratory muscles to generate force
- Loss of alveolar volume
15
What can cause external compression of lung tissue?
- Pleural space: Pleural effusion, empyema (pus), pneumothorax
- Abdomen: ascites (fluid), pregnancy, obesity
- Rib cage: Posture, flail segment, kyphoscoliosis
16
What causes reduced chest wall compliance?
- Kyphoscoliosis
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Age
17
What causes reduced central drive?
- Altered patterns of breathing
- Brainstem injury (medulla)
- Often causes reduction in tidal volume
18
What are some of the different patterns of reduced central drive?
- Cheyne-Stokes (just before death, breathing all over the place)
- Biot's breathing
19
What decreases the ability of respiratory muscles to generate force?
- Neuromuscular disease (MND, stroke, spinal injury, phrenic nerve palsy)
- Deconditioning or fatigue (mechanical ventilation, COPD, illness)
20
What is required in order for the lungs to remain compliant?
- Elasticity
- Surfactant
21
What causes loss of alveolar volume?
- Post-op atelectasis
- Mucus plugging
- Removal of lung tissue
22
How is laparoscopic abdominal surgery different to open laparotomy?
- Less pain
- Less analgesic requirements
- Improved mobility
- Reduced hospital length of stay
- Lower incidence of post-op pulmonary complication (PPC)
23
What type of pain is laparoscopic surgery associated with?
Shoulder tip pain
- cause uncertain
- may be related to CO2 insufflation, irritation of diaphragm or peritoneum
- often worse with deep breathing
24
Why do physios not routinely assess patients following laparoscopic procedures?
They are low risk, shoulder tip pain is non-mechanical (i.e. can't be fixed with physio)
25
What are examples of upper abdominal surgery?
- Splenectomy
- Liver resection
- Oesophagectomy (2 incisions, higher risk)
- Head of pancreas (2 incisions, higher risk)
26
What are examples of lower abdominal surgery?
- Colectomy
- Nephrectomy
27
What is an example of vascular abdominal surgery?
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair & grafting
- High risk of PPC due to smoking history
28
What are some of the potential complications of surgery?
- Respiratory complications
- Wound infection
- Bleeding/haemorrhage
- Cardiovascular problems
- DVT
- Pulmonary embolus
- Renal failure
- Nausea/vomiting
- Psychosis
- Reduced gut mobility
- Musculoskeletal problems
- Exacerbation of pre-existing conditions
29
What surgeries are most commonly associated with PPCs?
Upper abdominal surgery & cardiothoracic surgery
30
