Reiter 1 Flashcards by Dakota Miller

Cerebral/cerebellar hemispheres
Brain stem
Spinal cord

CNS

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Nerves

- Nerve ganglia - small aggregates of nerve cells

PNS

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________ carry motor information away from the cell body

Efferent nerves

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________ carry sensory information to the cell body

Afferent nerves

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The Human Nervous System is not complex in terms of the number of cell types, but it is highly complex in terms of ________.

nerve/nerve and glia/nerve interactions

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Glial cells outnumber neurons _____.

10:1

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Two major classes or cell types

Neurons or nerve cells

2. Neuroglia or glial cells

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• excitable or irritable
• transmit information to other
neurons, muscles or glands through synapses
• Requires a chemical messenger, e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin, etc.

Neurons or nerve cells

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• support, protect and nourish neurons
• remove and/or degrade some
neurotransmitters

Neuroglia or glial cells

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Receives stimuli

dendrites or cell body

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Processes information

cell body

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Transmits to
other neurons or
glands

axon

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Afferent/sensory

Dendrites

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Efferent/motor

Axon

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Sensory information must go to ____ before a response can be made

brain

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The nervous system detects stimuli from peripheral receptors, such as _______ and _____.

Special senses (eye, ear, taste, smell etc.)

* Somatic senses (touch, pain, temperature)

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The nervous system transmits all stimuli generated by sensory tissues in the _______.

internal and external environment

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The perikaryon or soma of the neuron is the _______ for the cell (almost everything the cell synthesizes is produced in soma).

Trophic center

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_______ receives stimuli from axons
of other cells (via axodentritic
and axosomatic synapses).

Perikaryon or Soma of Neuron

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Perikaryon or Soma of Neuron contains ________ and _______.

– Nucleus with prominent nucleolus (ribosomal RNA)

– Cytoplasm with usual organelles

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The ______ is highly metabolically active use abundant oxygen and glucose.

Nucleus of a neuron

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• Spherical
• Unusually large
• Prominent nucleolus • Chromatin is finely
dispersed reflecting
the intense synthetic
activity of these cells
(euchromatin predominates)

Nucleus of a neuron

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Highly developed, clumps to form Nissl bodies (rough endoplasmic reticulum; protein synthesis)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum of neuron

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Accept transport vesicles on cis face and package as secretory vesicles
from trans face

Golgi apparatus of neuron

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Synthesize ATP

Mitochondria of neuron

– transport materials – determine cell shape – bundle together to form neurofibrils

Neurofilaments (cytoskeletal proteins) of neuron

Neurons have _____ axon(s) that transmit _______ information.

- Only one | - efferent (motor)

Axons originate from the _______ found on the perikaryon and vary in length. May _____ to provide the same signal to many cells/effectors

- axon hillock | - branch

Axon potentials pass in ______ direction only.

Anterograde

Primarily motor (efferent) nerve to muscles of facial expression

Facial Nerve (VII)

Most neurons have _____ dendrites.

Many

Dendrites are short and divide like tree branches (arborization); as they divide they become thinner; they transmit ______ information

sensory (afferent)

Dendrites are covered with _______, which represent areas for synapses.

dendritic spines (boutons)

Primarily sensory (afferent) nerve from receptors on face and tooth pulp

Trigeminal nerve (V)

releases synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Presynaptic membrane

a region of extracellular | space between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Synaptic cleft

receptors for the released neurotransmitter bind the neurotransmitter.

Postsynaptic membrane

neurotransmitter synthesis and release - exocytosis

Pre-synaptic terminal

metabolism and diffusion | of released neurotransmitter

Synaptic cleft

binding of neurotransmitter to receptor and depolarization or hyperpolarization of cell membrane

Post-synaptic neuron (or cell)

Neurotransmitters can be | ______ or _______. Neurotransmitters are monoamines, amino acids or small peptides.

excitatory of inhibitory

Microfilaments and microtubules - identical to those found in many other cells except these may be exceptionally long

Neuronal cell processes (dentrites and axons)

_____ and _____ “motors” are used to move molecules and some organelles up and down the nerve ending

microtubule and neurofilament

moves cargo retrograde (toward soma for disposal).

Dynein

moves cargo anterograde (away from soma)

Kinesin

_____ are transferred from the soma to the ends of axons

mitochondria

Some viruses (Herpes) may be transported _______ in peripheral nerves

both retrograde and anterograde

Neuron classification: All motor neurons, interneurons and many sensory neurons

Multipolar neuron

Neuron classification: Common in special senses

Bipolar neuron

Neuron classification: Specialized locations

Unipolar neuron

Neuron classification: Uncommon

Anaxonic neuron

``` – very long processes – large motor cells • pyramidal cells • Purkinje cells • alpha motor neurons ```

Golgi type I cells

– very short processes | • Granule cells of cerebellum

Golgi type II cells

The size of the cell body is proportional to _______.

length of axon

______ neurons - control muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands

Motor (efferent)

______ neurons - receive environmental stimuli. Can be specialized, e.g., light, temperature, sound, stretch.

Sensory (afferent)

______ often connect a motor neuron with a sensory neuron.

Interneuron

the connective tissue of the nervous system

Glial cells

• Form a structural framework • Separate neurons to prevent “crosstalk” • Control chemical environment –Remove ions –Remove neurotransmitters and debris • Nourish & protect neurons • Undergo cell division (unlike most neurons)

Glial cells

_____ myelinates 1 segment of an axon in the PNS.

Schwann cell

Peripheral nerves appear white because of _______.

myelination

________ myelinates many neurons within the CNS simultaneously (forms the white matter).

Oligodendrocyte

_______ the number of wraps of myelin increases the speed of conduction.

Increasing

most myelin – fastest – | used for reflexes

Aalpha

less myelin- slower – used for transmission of sensory information

Abeta fibers

even less myelin – bright pain (acute, intense pain)

Adelta fibers

no myelin – slow pain – chronic aching pain (toothache).

C fibers

myelinated sheath is not continuous but is interrupted at 1 mm intervals called _____.

Nodes of Ranvier

Myelin formation in CNS = ________ PNS = ________

- oligodendroglia | - Schwann cells

Myelin is rich in _______.

polyunsaturated fatty acids

• Schwann cells (in PNS) and oliogodendroglia (in CNS) wrap around axons (between two nodes of Ranvier) • Wrap axon many times to form multiple layers

“Jelly Role” Hypothesis of Myelination

* Foot processes envelop blood vessels – These contribute to the blood- brain barrier (this determines selective permeability) * When damage occurs to brain, they may form a “glial scar”, that may predispose to epilepsy

Astrocytes

* Mesodermal origin. Thus , they are not true glial cells. * Macrophage-type cells that phagocytose debris * Activated microglia may be neurotoxic, e.g. in ALS * Some evidence that they can surround neurons and destroy synapses in autism.

Microglia

Microglia are wandering cells that "________."

Take out the trash

Reiter 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)