Reiter 2

Question 1

Cartilage type determined by composition of

_______ and ______.

Answer 1

• matrix components

- fiber type

Question 2

Cartilage is ______ (nutrients and waste via diffusion)

Answer 2

avascular

Question 3

(in prichondrium) synthesize ECM

Answer 3

Chondroblasts

Question 4

(in lacunae) synthesize and maintain ECM

Answer 4

Chondrocytes

Question 5

glycoaminoglycans (polysaccharides)
and proteoglycans (glycosylated proteins)

Answer 5

Extracellualar matrix

Question 6

Collagen and elastic describe types of _____.

Answer 6

Fibers

Question 7

• Most common
• Articular surfaces of joints, trachea and bronchi, end of ribs and epiphyses of long bones
• forms supporting structure for nose

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage

Question 8

several chondrocytes in one lacuna

Answer 8

Isogenous nests (IS)

Question 9

• Least common
• External ear (auricle), external auditory canal, eustachian tube, epiglottis, cuneiform cartilage of larynx
• Abundant elastic fibers (requires special stain)
• Strong and highly flexible

Answer 9

Elastic cartilage

Question 10

• Combination of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; lacks typical perichondrium
• Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Answer 10

Fibrocartilage

Question 11

All cartilage growth occurs as a result of the synthesis of matrix by chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Chondroblasts cause _______. Chondrocytes cause _______.

Answer 11

• appositional growth

- interstitial growth

Question 12

Varieties of bones

Answer 12

• Long bone (humerus)
• Short bone (trapezoid)
• Flat bone (sternum)
• Irregular bone (vertebra)
• Sesamoid bone (patella)

Question 13

All the bones of the face and skull are

______.

Answer 13

flat bones

Question 14

Flat bones, short bones, irregular bones
and sesamoid bones use the same process
of formation, called _______; long bones form by _______.

Answer 14

• intramembranous formation

- endochondral formation

Question 15

Haversian system (basic unit of compact bone)

Answer 15

Osteon

Question 16

Calcified extracellular material

Answer 16

Bone matrix

Question 17

Three cell types

Answer 17

• Osteoblasts (osteoid formation)
• Osteocytes (bone maintenance)
• Osteoclasts (bone destruction)

Question 18

Osteoblasts locate

in _______.

Answer 18

periosteum/endosteum

Question 19

Osteocytes survive
in ______; communicate
via ______.

Answer 19

• Lacunae

- canaliculi

Question 20

______ is always between layers of dense bone and

never on the surface of bone

Answer 20

Spongy or cancellous bone

Question 21

Spongy bone made up of _______; space between these is occupied by bone marrow.

Answer 21

spicules (trabeculae)

Question 22

Bone is _____, unlike cartilage.

Answer 22

vascularized

Question 23

Central canal = _______; perforating canal = _______

Answer 23

• Haversian canal

- Volkmann’s canal

Question 24

from osteoprogenitor cells (form osteoid & collagen)

Answer 24

Osteoblasts

Question 25

from osteoblasts

Answer 25

Osteocytes

Question 26

from monocytic cells

Answer 26

Osteoclasts

Question 27

______ secrete osteoid which undergoes calcification (mineralization)

Answer 27

Osteoblasts

Question 28

dissolve bone

Answer 28

Osteoclasts

Question 29

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts located in __________.

Answer 29

periosteum and endosteum

Question 30

_______ lies between osteoblasts and bone matrix (calcified)

Answer 30

Osteoid (uncalcified)

Question 31

maintain boney matrix; death is followed by matrix resorption

Answer 31

Osteocytes

Question 32

______ have relatively little RER and small Golgi apparatus.

Answer 32

Osteocytes

Question 33

Space between ruffled border and bone is acidified by ______ in osteoclast cell membrane along with release of ______ leading to dissolution of bone

Answer 33

- proton pump | - hydrolytic enzymes

Question 34

1. _______ (with blood vessels) 2. _______ (connects Haversian canals) 3. _______ (in lacunae) 4. _______ (projections from lacunae)

Answer 34

1. Haversian canals 2. Volkman’s canals 3. Osteocytes 4. Canaliculi

Question 35

_______ cover bone surfaces. In epiphyses of long bone, most bone is of ____ variety.

Answer 35

- Periosteum or endosteum | - spongy

Question 36

________ are morphologically identical. Spicules (trabeculae) of spongy bone have _____.

Answer 36

- Periosteum and endosteum | - endosteum

Question 37

- Cartilage model of bone forms first - At specific periods during embryogenesis, this cartilage is replaced by true bone - Most bones - Three ossification centers

Answer 37

Endochondral ossification

Question 38

- Direct ossification of mesenchymal cells without an intermediate cartilaginous state - Superficial bones of face and skull - One or more ossification centers

Answer 38

Intramembranous bone formation

Question 39

______, (also known as fibrous bone) which is characterized by a haphazard organization of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak. ______, which has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets ("lamellae") and is mechanically strong.

Answer 39

- Woven bone | - Lamellar bone

Question 40

_______ is non-lamellar bone; first bone formed and is usually replaced by lamellar bone

Answer 40

Woven bone

Question 41

The ______ calcifies but is dissolved; it is replaced by bone.

Answer 41

cartilage

Question 42

When ______ (growth plate) closes, vertical growth is complete (around age 20)

Answer 42

epiphyseal plate

Question 43

Cartilage covering articular surface is ______.

Answer 43

hyaline cartilage

Question 44

primary ossification center is in _______; secondary | ossification centers in ______

Answer 44

- Diaphysis | - Epiphysis

Question 45

Zones of growth

Answer 45

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage

Question 46

Zones of growth: | Anchors growth plate to bone

Answer 46

Zone of resting cartilage

Question 47

Zones of growth: | Rapid cell division (stacked coins)

Answer 47

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Question 48

Zones of growth: | Cells enlarged and remain in columns

Answer 48

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Question 49

Zones of growth: - Thin zone, cells mostly dead since matrix calcified - Osteoclasts removing matrix - Osteoblasts & capillaries move in to create bone over calcified cartilage

Answer 49

Zone of calcified cartilage

Question 50

Intramembranous Ossification produces _____ of skull and clavicle, including _____ and _____.

Answer 50

- Flat bones | - Maxilla and mandible

Question 51

Spongy bone of flat bones called _____.

Answer 51

diploe

Question 52

Eventually ______ forms over spongy bone.

Answer 52

compact bone

Question 53

The alveolar process is | continually being ______ like all other bones.

Answer 53

remodeled

Question 54

Alveolar process is composed of ________.

Answer 54

both compact and spongy bone

Question 55

The mandible articulates with only one bone, the ______, at the condyle which is covered by _______.

Answer 55

- temporal bone | - hyaline cartilage

Question 56

The articular disc is composed of _________.

Answer 56

dense fibrous connective tissue (collagen and fibroblasts)