Vogel 1

Question 1

development of body form; requires cell movements, divisions, and shape changes

Answer 1

morphogenesis

Question 2

the embryonic rudiment or primordium of a tissue or organ (plural = anlage; primordia) e.g. primordial mouth, _____ of the thyroid gland

Answer 2

anlagen

Question 3

joining or fusion of an egg (ovum) and a sperm

Answer 3

fertilization

Question 4

cell that results from union of sperm and egg (ovum) during fertilization

Answer 4

zygote

Question 5

embryo + its associated membranes (the embryo becomes the baby, and the embryonic membranes are discarded after birth)

Answer 5

conceptus

Question 6

extends from fertilization to end of 8th week; primordia (anlage) of all major organs are present by day 56

Answer 6

Embryonic Period

Question 7

beginning of ninth week of development to birth; growth & differentiation of tissues and organs occur (growth of fetus from week 11 through full term shown below)

Answer 7

Fetal Period

Question 8

abnormal development; development of congenital anomalies (Gr. teratos = monster)

Answer 8

Teratogenesis

Question 9

any agent that can produce a congenital anomaly Examples: CMV, alcohol, thalidomide, methylmercury

Answer 9

Teratogen

Question 10

The human embryo is most sensitive to teratogens from _________ of development (embryonic period). Teratogens may cause functional defects and minor congenital anomalies during the fetal period.

Answer 10

the third through the eighth week

Question 11

Fertilization usually occurs in the _____ of uterine tube

Answer 11

ampulla

Question 12

The diploid zygote nucleus duplicates its DNA to prepare for first mitotic (_____) division

Answer 12

cleavage

Question 13

Rapid cleavage divisions of the zygote result in production of embryonic cells called ______.

Answer 13

blastomeres

Question 14

When the embryo consists of 12-32 blastomeres, it is called a ______, which enters the uterus about 3-4 days after fertilization.

Answer 14

morula

Question 15

By day 4-5, a _________ appears within the morula, and the embryo is now called a _______.

Answer 15

• blastocystic cavity

- blastocyst

Question 16

Two groups of cells can be distinguished in the blastocyst: outer cells form the ______, and inner cells form the ______ (inner cell mass).

Answer 16

• trophoblast

- embryoblast

Question 17

Layer of flattened cells, around entire periphery of blastocyst The trophoblast will form part of the placenta (nutrition function).

Answer 17

Trophoblast

Question 18

Ball of cells (blastomeres) internal to trophoblast The embryoblast will form the embryo proper (i.e. the baby!).

Answer 18

Embryoblast

Question 19

Zona pellucida degenerates day ____ (blastocyst “hatches”) ; now the trophoblast is exposed to uterine wall and can begin the implantation process

Answer 19

6 or 7

Question 20

On day 7 after fertilization, the embryoblast also differentiates. A layer of cells adjacent to the blastocystic cavity splits off to form the ______.

Answer 20

hypoblast

Question 21

The hypoblast (primary endoderm) has an important role in providing molecular signals for development of the _________ of the embryo, and contributes to ____ cells in the embryo.

Answer 21

• cranial – caudal axis

- no

Question 22

All of the cells in a newborn baby originate from the embryoblast, which will become a disc-like layer called the ______, during the second week of development.

Answer 22

epiblast

Question 23

The region where epiblast and hypoblast are in contact is called the _________ (week ____)

Answer 23

• bilaminar embryonic disc

- 2

Question 24

The ________ is a thickened area of hypoblast.

Answer 24

prechordal plate

Question 25

- indicates the future site of the mouth (i.e. you can now distinguish cranial and caudal ends) - produces molecular signals that instruct development of the head from the cranial end of the epiblast - as part of the hypoblast, will not contribute any cells that would be found in a newborn baby

Answer 25

Prechordal plate

Question 26

The _____ gives rise to the three germ layers (embryonic ectoderm, embryonic mesoderm, embryonic endoderm) that will form all the organs and tissues of the baby. _____ is a subset of the embryonic mesoderm.

Answer 26

- epiblast | - Notochord

Question 27

During the third week of development, the _______ of the embryo are established.

Answer 27

three germ layers

Question 28

______ converts the bilaminar embryonic disc into a trilaminar embryonic disc. This is the beginning of morphogenesis (development of body form), and includes formation of the three germ layers and establishment of body axes.

Answer 28

Gastrulation

Question 29

The groove or indentation in the caudal midline of the epiblast is the _____; it first appears at the caudal end of the epiblast, and extends towards the cranial end

Answer 29

primitive streak

Question 30

At the bottom of the primitive streak is the ______, where some cells of the epiblast are actively migrating ventrally (_______).

Answer 30

- primitive groove | - invagination

Question 31

Some epiblast cells will displace the hypoblast cells, and become _______.

Answer 31

embryonic endoderm

Question 32

Some epiblast cells do not invaginate at the primitive groove, and instead remain on the surface (facing the amniotic cavity); these cells are the _________.

Answer 32

embryonic ectoderm

Question 33

Other epiblast cells that invaginate at the primitive groove migrate between the embryonic ectoderm and embryonic endoderm; these cells are the ________.

Answer 33

embryonic mesoderm

Question 34

When gastrulation is complete, the embryo is a ________.

Answer 34

trilaminar disc

Question 35

The mesoderm cells that migrate towards the prechordal plate, through the cranial end of the primitive streak (called the primitive node) form a rodlike structure, called the _______, in the midline of the embryo.

Answer 35

notochord

Question 36

The cranial extension of the notochord is blocked by the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate marks the site of the _________, which indicates the future position of the mouth of the embryo.

Answer 36

oropharyngeal membrane

Question 37

At the caudal end of the embryo, you can | see the ________, which indicates the future position of the anus of the embryo.

Answer 37

cloacal membrane

Question 38

Notochord instructs overlying ectoderm to form an elongated _______.

Answer 38

neural plate

Question 39

Neural folds move towards midline and fuse to form a _______, which is the primordium of the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

Answer 39

neural tube

Question 40

A special population of neuroectodermal cells, the _______, undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and separates from the neural folds and surface ectoderm.

Answer 40

neural crest

Question 41

* neurons of the dorsal root ganglia * neurons of autonomic and enteric ganglia * Schwann cells and other support cells of peripheral nerves and ganglia * chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla * melanocytes

Answer 41

In the trunk of the embryo, neural crest cells migrate along two different pathways, and give rise to...

Question 42

``` • neurons and support cells of cranial sensory and sympathetic ganglia • Schwann cells of cranial nerves • odontoblasts • skeletal and connective tissue structures ```

Answer 42

In the head of the embryo, cranial neural crest cells give rise to...

Question 43

On either side of the notochord, _______ cells organize into paired cubes called _____.

Answer 43

- paraxial mesodermal | - somites

Question 44

Somites give rise to the axial skeleton, skeletal muscles, and dermis of the skin: • ______: vertebrae, ribs • ______: skeletal muscle of trunk and limbs • ______: dermis of skin

Answer 44

- sclerotome - myotome - dermatome

Question 45

Lateral to the paraxial mesoderm is the _________, which gives rise to the kidneys and gonads.

Answer 45

intermediate mesoderm

Question 46

Lateral mesoderm splits into two layers:

Answer 46

* somatic mesoderm | * splanchnic mesoderm

Question 47

The two layers of lateral mesoderm surround a space called the ________, which is the primordial body cavity.

Answer 47

intraembryonic coelom

Question 48

The primordial heart also develops from ______ – in particular from the cardiogenic area.

Answer 48

lateral mesoderm

Question 49

Future pharynx and esophagus develop from _______.

Answer 49

foregut endoderm

Question 50

At the caudal end of the embryo, endoderm folds into a _______.

Answer 50

hindgut

Question 51

The _____ is the terminal part of the hindgut that develops into the rectum and urinary bladder.

Answer 51

cloaca

Question 52

Right and left ______ are produced by growth of the somites and developing spinal cord.

Answer 52

lateral folds

Question 53

Primordia of the abdominal wall fold toward the midline, and the ______ forms from endoderm

Answer 53

midgut