Related Issue #3

Question 1

What are the principles of classical liberalism?

Answer 1

• the primacy of individual rights and freedoms, to be exercised in the individual’s self-interest
• the belief that humans are reasonable and can make rational decisions that will benefit both themselves and society as a whole
• economic freedom; involving the ownership of private property and free markets
• the protection of civil libertires
• constitutional limitations on the government

Question 2

What is Assimilation?

Answer 2

Forcing a way of life/ideology on certain nations

Question 3

What is teh residential school system?

Answer 3

part of Canada’s program for the assimilation of the Aboriginal peoples
under the original Indian Act of 1867; Aboriginal children were removed from their communities and housed and taught in church-run residential schools

Question 4

What is enfranchisement?

Answer 4

granting people the rights of citizens,
especially the right to vote (First Nations men were granted enfranchisement to give up Indian status)

Question 5

What is the white paper?

Answer 5

an official government document that
outlines that government’s policies. In 1969, the
government of Prime Minister Trudeau issued a
controversial White Paper that proposed to abolish
treaties, the Department of Indian Affairs, and
everything else that had kept the First Nations and
Inuit people distinct from the people of Canada.

Question 6

What is the red paper?

Answer 6

the name given to the National Indian
Brotherhood’s “Citizens Plus” which outlined their
objections to the policy changes recommended in the
Trudeau government’s White Paper

Question 7

What is the Nisga’a Final Agreement?

Answer 7

land claims settlement signed in
2000 between the Canadian and British Columbian
governments and the Nisga’a First Nation. The
agreement gives the Nisga’a control over their land,
including the forestry and fishery resources contained
in it.

Question 8

What is the aboriginal healing foundation?

Answer 8

an Aboriginal-managed, Ottawa-based, not-for-profit private corporation with the
mission to help Aboriginal people build healing
processes that address the legacy of abuses such as the
residential school system

Question 9

What are the two biggest reasons to impose an ideology?

Answer 9

Self-interest—the imposition of liberalism to eliminate or
reduce terrorist threats, or for reasons of economic self-interest

Humanitarianism—the imposition of liberalism for moral or
ethical reasons, such as to improve living conditions or stop
human rights violations

Question 10

What is the “war on terror”?

Answer 10

a military, political, and ideological conflict
headed by the United States, which was a direct result
of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on that
country. There is some debate about whether
terrorism can be defeated through military means.

Question 11

When can the party in power can be forced to resign or call an election?

Answer 11

• It loses a vote on an appropriation bill (which authorizes
  government spending), a taxation bill, or the annual budget
• a motion of confidence (that is, confidence in the government) is
  rejected by a majority vote
• a motion of non-confidence (that is, non-confidence in the
  government) is passed by a majority vote

Question 12

What is the structure of consensus decision making?

Answer 12

1. The question for consideration is presented to the group.
2. All members of the group contribute their opinions on the
   question.
3. A response to the question is proposed, and the members of the
   group come to some agreement on the response.
4. If all the members do not agree to the response, those who
   disagree present their concerns to the group.
5. The proposed response to the question is modified to address
   the concerns of those who disagree.
6. Another round of discussion is held on the newly modified
   response. The process repeats until a resolution is reached that
   all members can accept.

Question 13

What are the different techniques of authoritarian governments?

Answer 13

Vision: a vision of what the country
could be if led by a leader who could obtain the vision

Propaganda: the use of a set of messages designed to influence the opinions or
behaviours of large numbers of people

Controlled participation: The population is allowed to feel as if it is contributing to the country in some ways, for example, by attending rallies, helping to spy on “subversives,” preparing for the war effort, becoming the “block boss” for the party—anything that will convince the public to buy into the accepted ideology and prevent the development of
contrary opinions.

Directing public discontent: The people are provided with an enemy on
which they can safely unleash their frustrations.

Terror: Some South American governments used quick, brutal, and arbitrary violence to “disappear” dissidents

Question 14

What is authoritarianism?

Answer 14

a form of government with authority
vested in an elite group that may or may not rule in
the interests of the people. Authoritarian political
systems take many forms, including oligarchies,
military dictatorships, ideological one-party states, and
monarchies.

Question 15

What is consensus decision making?

Answer 15

a process whereby a group of
individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find
a resolution to a problem that all members of the
group can accept

Question 16

What is direct democracy?

Answer 16

a form of government in which the
people participate in deciding issues directly. A direct
democracy operates on the belief that every citizen’s
voice is important and necessary for the orderly and
efficient operation of society.

Question 17

What is democracy?

Answer 17

a form of government in which power is
ultimately vested in the people

Question 18

What are the different types of authoritarian political systems?

Answer 18

• military dictatorship
• oligarchy
• one part state
• monarchy

Question 19

What is a military dictatorship?

Answer 19

form of government in which
political power resides with the military leadership.
Some countries in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have presented many examples of military
dictatorships.

Question 20

What is an oligarchy?

Answer 20

form of government in which political power
rests with a small elite segment of society. An
oligarchy often consists of politically powerful families
who pass on their influence to their children.

Question 21

What is an one party state?

Answer 21

a form of government where only one
party forms the government and no other parties are
permitted to run candidates for election

Question 22

What is party solidarity?

Answer 22

in the Canadian system, a requirement that
all party members vote with their party, except in rare
instances when the party leadership explicitly frees
them from this obligation, in what is known as a free
vote

Question 23

What is proportional representation?

Answer 23

system of government where
citizens vote directly for a party, and then
representatives are assigned based on the amount of
popular support obtained. This results in a fairly
accurate representation within the legislature of the
will of the people.

Question 24

What is representative democracy?

Answer 24

a form of government in which
a small group of politicians are elected by a larger
group of citizens. The people participate in deciding
issues through elected officials who represent them
and make laws in their interests.

Question 25

What is responsible government?

Answer 25

In the Canadian system, a form of representative democracy in which the branch of government that proposes laws, the executive branch of government (the prime minister and the cabinet ministers), is dependent on the direct or indirect support of elected members of the legislative branch (a majority of MPs in the House of Commons)

Question 26

Ways that the war measures act was justified?

Answer 26

- It was necessary for the overall good of society. - It was justified because of the threat or severe nature of the situation. - It was essential to protect, retain, or secure other principles of liberalism.

Question 27

What does the emergency act define a public welfare emergency as?

Answer 27

caused by real or imminent: * natural catastrophe * disease in humans, animals or plants * accident or pollution resulting in danger to life or property, social disruption or a breakdown in the flow of essential goods, services or resources so serious as to constitute a national emergency.

Question 28

What is the American Bill of rights?

Answer 28

the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Ratified by the original 13 states by 1791, it is based primarily on John Locke’s concept of “natural rights” for all individuals, including life, liberty, and the protection of property.

Question 29

What is the anti terrorism act?

Answer 29

a set of laws passed in December 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It gave the Canadian government special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism. Some of the act’s measures, such as that of preventative arrest, expired in March 2007.

Question 30

What is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

Answer 30

document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to Canadians

Question 31

What is illiberal?

Answer 31

ideologies opposed to the values, beliefs, and principles of liberalism; usually refers to undemocratic actions but may be found in democratic countries during times of crisis.

Question 32

What is language legislation?

Answer 32

laws regarding the official language of a state. In the Canadian context, such legislation is related either to Canada’s official languages (for example, the Official Languages Act, 1969) or to Québec’s Charte de la langue française (Charter of the French Language, such as Bill 101, 1977).

Question 33

What is the quebec charter of human rights and freedoms?

Answer 33

(La Charte des droits et libertés de la personne): a statutory bill of rights and human rights code that was passed by the National Assembly of Québec in 1975

Question 34

What is respect for law and order?

Answer 34

one of the responsibilities of citizens in a liberal democratic society, where people enjoy a high degree of individual rights and freedoms. Failure on the part of the population to demonstrate this type of respect could result in a state of chaos.

Question 35

What is terrorism?

Answer 35

the policy of various ideological groups to disrupt the affairs of an enemy state or culture by the use of violent acts against non-combatants, in order to create debilitating terror and confusion

Question 36

What is the war measures act?

Answer 36

Canadian law that gave the federal cabinet emergency powers for circumstances where it determines that the threat of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists. It was replaced by the Emergencies Act (1988).

Question 37

What are enemy aliens?

Answer 37

non-citizens who come from an enemy country

Question 38

What are internment camps?

Answer 38

Detention facilities used to confine political prisoners and people of specific national or minority groups

Question 39

What is the quiet revolution?

Answer 39

(la Révolution tranquille): a time of rapid social, economic, and political modernization in Québec; a revolution without violence, force, or direct conflict, aimed at enhancing opportunities for Francophone Québécois within Québec society

Question 40

What is the no fly list?

Answer 40

a list of people whom the Canadian government has identified as potentially posing an immediate threat to aviation security. People on the list are barred from flying on domestic flights in Canada.

Question 41

What are concepts of modernism?

Answer 41

* Science provides universal and eternal truths. * Knowledge will lead to progress. * Freedom consists of obedience to laws that are based on reason. * Reason and rational thinking are the ultimate means of establishing what is true.

Question 42

What is the three point plan by Friends of the Earth Canada that address global issues?

Answer 42

1. the Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act Lawsuit 2. the Climate Protection Plan (a carbon tax for big polluters) 3. the Energy Greenbox Program (the donation of energy-saving devices to underprivileged households through food bank Greenbox donations)

Question 43

What is consumerism?

Answer 43

consumer spending; a preoccupation with consumer goods and their acquisition; a set of values focused on the acquisition and display of things in order to denote status

Question 44

What is environmental change?

Answer 44

the changes in the natural world around us

Question 45

What is extremism?

Answer 45

a term used by others to describe the beliefs and actions of those perceived to be outside of the accepted norms of political or social behaviour. Extremism may be a response adopted by those for whom ordinary political means of redressing perceived wrongs are deemed ineffective.

Question 46

What are pandemics?

Answer 46

outbreaks of disease on a global scale

Question 47

What is post modernism?

Answer 47

a movement of thought, art, and criticism that raises questions about the faith that moderns have in reason and in progress, and tries to get people to rethink their assumptions about the meaning of modern life

Question 48

What is modern industrial complex?

Answer 48

the structure of industry in Western society alluding to the partnership of industry and government

Question 49

What is the kyoto protocol/accord?

Answer 49

An agreement reached at an international convention at which world leaders met to discuss climate change and create a plan for reducing greenhouse gases

Question 50

What is climate change?

Answer 50

the change in global weather patterns

Question 51

What is global warming?

Answer 51

an increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and a potential indicator of climate change

Question 52

What is the world health organization?

Answer 52

WHO; the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system

Question 53

What is a free vote?

Answer 53

A conscience vote or free vote is a type of vote in a legislative body where legislators are allowed to vote according to their own personal conscience rather than according to an official line set down by their political party

Question 54

What is a referendum/plebiscites?

Answer 54

A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll).

Question 55

What are interest groups?

Answer 55

An interest group is a collection of individuals or organizations that share a common interest and work to influence public policy to benefit their members

Question 56

What are absolute monarchies?

Answer 56

a system of government where a single ruler, typically a king or queen, holds supreme power with no limitations from laws, legislatures, or other governing bodies

Question 57

What is minority tyranny?

Answer 57

Minority tyranny, or minoritarianism, refers to a situation where a minority group effectively controls the agenda and decision-making process, even when the majority holds a numerical advantage.

Question 58

What are collective rights?

Answer 58

rights held by a group or community as a whole, rather than by individuals within that group.

Question 59

What is the multiculturalism act?

Answer 59

The Canadian Multiculturalism Act is a law that recognizes multiculturalism as a defining feature of Canadian identity and promotes the inclusion and equality of all Canadians, regardless of their cultural background. It aims to ensure that all Canadians have the opportunity to preserve, enhance, and share their cultural heritage while also fostering an understanding and appreciation of diversity within Canadian society.

Question 60

What are fundamental freedoms?

Answer 60

basic, inherent rights that protect individuals from government interference, allowing them to act, think, believe, and express themselves without undue restriction

Question 61

What are the limitation of rights?

Answer 61

A limitation of rights, in simple terms, means that a guaranteed right or freedom can be restricted or reduced, but only under certain specific circumstances and with legal justification.

Question 62

What is leninism?

Answer 62

Leninism is a political ideology developed by Vladimir Lenin, building upon Marxism. It advocates for a revolutionary vanguard party to lead the working class (the proletariat) in establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat as a necessary step toward communism

Question 63

What is stalinism?

Answer 63

Stalinism is a political ideology and system of government characterized by centralized control, a cult of personality, and authoritarian rule, often implemented through suppression of opposition and the use of force. It is named after Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, and was the system in place in the Soviet Union and its satellite states from 1927 to 1953.

Question 64

What is economic equality?

Answer 64

a principle common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology. Governments may try to foster economic equality through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value.

Question 65

What is liberal democracy?

Answer 65

Liberal democracy is a political system where the principles of liberalism are applied within a democratic framework. This means that alongside the core democratic features of free and fair elections and universal suffrage, it emphasizes the protection of individual rights and liberties, the rule of law, and limitations on government power.

Question 66

What is neoliberalism?

Answer 66

Neoliberalism, in simple terms, is an economic philosophy that emphasizes free markets, privatization, and reduced government intervention in the economy. It advocates for policies like deregulation, lower taxes, and open trade, with the belief that these measures promote economic growth and individual liberty.

Question 67

What is command economy?

Answer 67

an economic system based on public (state) ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed (for example, at what price they should be sold); also known as a centrally planned economy; usually found in communist states

Question 68

What is market socialism?

Answer 68

Market socialism is an economic system where the means of production are publicly or collectively owned, but resources are allocated through market mechanisms. This means that prices, wages, and capital allocation are determined by supply and demand, similar to a market economy, but with social ownership of the productive assets.

Question 69

What is democratic socialism?

Answer 69

a term used to distinguish the non￾violent, non-revolutionary character of socialism from the communist idea of revolutionary change

Question 70

What is conservatism?

Answer 70

Conservatism is a political ideology that generally favors maintaining traditional institutions and values, often with a preference for limited government and a belief in individual responsibility. It can be seen as a belief in the value of established practices and a resistance to radical change.

Question 71

What is populism?

Answer 71

Populism, in a simple sense, is a political approach that divides society into "the people" versus "the elite," often framing the former as pure and the latter as corrupt. Populist leaders typically claim to represent the "will of the people" and challenge the established political order.

Question 72

What is welfare state?

Answer 72

a state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs

Question 73

What is plurality?

Answer 73

plurality system, electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected. It is distinguished from the majority system, in which, to win, a candidate must receive more votes than all other candidates combined.