Unit 1 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What is Point of View?
A
An individual’s opinion, based on their personal experiences
2
Q
What is Liberalism?
A
A collection of ideologies committed to the principle of dignity and freedom for the individual, which favors decentralized political and economic power
3
Q
What is multiculturalism?
A
A society made up of diverse cultural, religious, linguistic or ethnic group
4
Q
What is Individualism ?
A
A set of values, beliefs, or ideas that values the freedom and worth of the individual over the security and harmony of the group
5
Q
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
A
Ruling system or doctrine that was based on the ultimate power of a monarch, who was believed to be appointed by God to rule and therefore had absolute power.
6
Q
What is dictatorship?
A
System in which a powerful central government exercises strict control over all aspects of citizen’s lives.
7
Q
What is perspective?
A
The outlook of a particular group of people with the same age, culture, economics, faith, language or shared quality
8
Q
What is totalitarian?
A
A government system that seeks complete control over the public and private lives of its citizens
9
Q
What is Ideology?
A
a set of principles or ideas that explains your world and your place withiin it, based on assumptions about human nature and society
10
Q
What is democracy?
A
form of government in which power is ultimately vested in the people, can be direct or representative
11
Q
What is collectivism?
A
Current or thinking or system that values the goals of the group and the common good over the goals of any other individual
12
Q
What is pluralism?
A
A set of policies that encourages diversity and support multiculturalism, that includes language legislation. For example, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
13
Q
What is progressivism?
A
Various ideologies that advocate moderate political and social reform through government action, such as unique anti-trust laws to prevent corporations from establishing monopolies in the marketplace
14
Q
What is representative democracy?
A
a small group of politicians are elected by a larger group of citizenes to make decisions on their behalf
15
Q
What is hegemony?
A
the political control exerted by one group over others
16
Q
What is universal suffrage?
A
The constitutionally guaranteed right to vote and participate in elections
17
Q
What is identity?
A
Who/what one is; has a wide range of meanings
18
Q
What is personal identity?
A
Idea you have of yourself as a unique individual
19
Q
What is collective identity?
A
Collection of traits you share with other people as a member of a larger social group
20
Q
What are beliefs and values?
A
Important aspects of identity that influence behaviour and choices
21
Q
What are factors of identity?
A
- family influence
- gender
- religion and spirituality
- environment
- relationship to land
22
Q
How does family influence impact a person’s identity?
A
for most it is the earliest influence on personal beliefs
23
Q
How does gender impact a person’s identity?
A
- the way people understand gender is affected by their experiences (personal, social, cultural), and their beliefs and values
- how a society percieves gender can also affect view of gender and the freedom to express it
24
Q
How does religion and spirituality impact a person’s identity?
A
- takes many forms
- are two seperate things
- could be a practising or non-practising member of a faith community, or adhere to spiritual tradition without belonging to an organized community
- major religions and spiritual traditions have a place in culture
- provides a moral system
25
How does environment impact a person's identity?
- environment awarenes, increased by media nd social activism, has heavily influenced the lievs of individuals
- opinions calling for environmental stewardship are rooted in specific ideologies and being heard by governments
26
How does relationship to land impact a person's identity?
- connects to tradition and culture
- involves the location you inhabit, your relationship with it, and your responsibility for the environment
27
What is socialism?
Contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society
28
What is conservatism?
Government should represent the legacy of the past and the well-being of the present
29
Why is language important in ideology?
- it is one way people communicate belifs and values, worldview, cultural and societal understandings, sense of self
30
What are the three main ideas about media?
- "medium is the message" belief that formof the communication is more important than the content
- "global village" belief that a trend towards a collective identity would be shared by all consumers of the same media (make society vulnerable to totalitarian state)
- potential of hegemony
31
What is pluralism?
A policy that actively promotes teh acceptance of diversity in a society
(official bilingualism, Charter Rights prohibiting discrimination, constitutional guarantees of First nations, etc)
32
What essential questions of life do all ideologies ask?
- What are humans like, and why do they act as they do?
- How should society be organized?
- How has the world worked in the past?
- How should it work in the future?
33
What do nature of human beings have to do with ideology?
- are fundamental to any ideology
- refers to the belief of whether or not people are essentially good or bad
- is a core beliefl part of how you deal with the world
34
What do structures of societies do?
Bind us together as a society and help it function in an orderly fashion
35
What are types of social structure?
- economics (ex. minimum wage laws)
- Informal social structure (unwritten rules about acceptable social behaviour and actions)
36
What are interpretations of history used for?
- events of the past influence belifs and values
- the way a country interprets history afffects and identities of the citizens and the way they interpret the world
37
How does vision of the future affect people?
- ideologies include future visions to guide the current actions of the people who embrace the ideology
38
What are the themes of ideology?
- nation
- class
- race
- environment/ relationship to land
- gender
- religion
39
What is nation?
a community of people occupying a defined territory
40
What is class?
A division of society
41
What is race?
grouping of human beings distinguished according to biological traits
42
What environment/relationship to land?
Natural surrounding of people and their connections to thos esurroundings
43
What is gender?
male/female sex as a sociological category
44
What is religion?
Worship of one/more deities and acceptance of a set of values associated with the worship
45
What is autonomy?
cstate of individual freedom from outside authority
46
What is self-reliance?
Quality of being solely responsible for one's own well-being
47
What are the early understandings of invidivualism?
- roots in ancient history (Urukagina ruler of Lagashin in Mesopotamia is known to first create property laws)
- Aristotle discussed concept of self interest
48
What are the early understandings of collectivism?
- found in ancient cultures (Antrhopological studies tell us the earliest human societies wer collectivist in order to survive by working/hunting as a group)
- Collectivism was also practiced by Christians as mentioned in teh New Testament of the Bible
49
What is the aboriginal understanding of collectivism?
- have a strong sense of the colective
- matters like land-holding, decision making, educating and raising children, many cultures emphasize thinking adn acting collectively
50
What happened in the medival period?
- collpase of Roman Empire caused chaos
- order restored by local warlords
- structure grew and aristocracy was established
- had distinct social categories, individual life had little worth (important on how you fit into your group, not your individual identity)
- most Europeans convereted to the Roman Catholic Church (security and order provided by earthly rulers, security and promise by spiritual rulers)
- Divine rule of Kings was emphasized
51
What happened in the Renaissanace?
- renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture (very humanistic and iindividualistic)
- reviewed ideas about central importance of life i this world, man's central role in the world, and appreciation of the worth of the individual
- art began portrayed real individuals and the importance of books, education, study of nature/natural forces
52
What was the Protestant Reformation?
- challenged dominant Roman Catholic Church, contributed to growth of individualism
- While catholic was based on chruch tradition adn teh bibile, Protestant claimed to rely only on the Bible
- now exist side by side adn contribute to shaping societies
53
What are the principles of Individualism?
- rule of law
- individual rights nad freedoms
- private property
- economic freedom
- self interest
- competition
54
What is the Rule of Law?
Key principle in liberal democracies that states every individual is equal before the law and all citizens are subject to law (ex. when Canadian born British nobleman Conrad Black was Fairly punished in a chicago court)
55
What are Individual rights and freedoms?
Key principle of individualism and important feature of liberal democracies
56
What do liberal democracies attempt to do concerning individual rights and freedoms?
They attempt to balance the rights of one individual against the rights of other individuals, rights of groups, need and goals of the society
57
What does the Charter of Rights and Freedoms consist of?
- fundamental freedoms
- equality rights
- democratic rights
- mobility rights
- legal rights
58
What are the fundamental Freedoms in Canada?
- freedom to express your opinions
- freedom to choose your religion
- freedom to organize peaceful meetings and demonstrations
- freedom to associate with any person or group
59
What are the Equality rights in Canada?
- right to be free of discrimination of race, nationality, ethinic origin, religion, gender, age, or a mental/physical disability
60
What are the Democratic rights in Canada?
- right to vote for members of the House of COmmons and of provincial legislatures
- right to vote for a new government at least every five years
61
What are mobility rights in Canada?
- right to move anywhere within Canada and earn a living there
- right to enter, stay in, or levae Canada freely
62
What are legal rights in Canada?
- right to be free of imprisonment, search, and seizure without reasons backed by law and evidence
- right to a fair and quick public trial by an importial court that assumes you are innocent until proven guilty
63
How did understandings of private property develope?
- first property understood to only apply to land
- caem to apply yo 3 types: real estate, physical posessions other than land, intellectual property (art, inventions, etc)
64
What are different perspectives about relationships with land
- some aboriginal cultures reflect an interrelationship with nature and all living things
- some believe land cannot be owned, but shared
- some communities have a tradition of common property
65
What happens due to differences in perspectives of land ownership?
- conflict is caused
- happened with indigenouse peoples and governments (ex. Barrier Lake Algonquin First Nation and the federl government)
- protection of intellectual property can conflict as well (ex. biotechnology companies that farmers have to pay royalties to)
66
What is economic freedom?
Freedom to buy what oyu want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish
67
What are free markets?
Markets in which consumers and businesses have free choice to buy, sell, or trade without government interference
68
What points does the economic freedom indec rate economic freedoms of countries by?
- business freedom
- trade freedom
- fiscal (tax) freedom
- degree of government regulation
- monetary freedom
- financial freedom
- property rights
- freedom from corruption
- labour freedom
69
What is welfare state?
Economy is capitalist but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for citizens
70
What does self interest have to do with competiton?
- supports of individualismm see economic freedom to be the most efficient and beneficial economy for the most as it encourages competiton and assures people act in own self-interest
- in this view the forces of supply nad demand in the market work to thebenefit of the majority
- in such economt labour is also like any other commodity (wages fall and rise based on worker demands)
- in theory this drive of individuals working (only the best are hired) creates economic growth and benefits all in the long term
71
What are the principles of collectivism?
- economic equality
- cooperation
- public property
- collective interest
- collective responsibility
- adherence to collective norms
72
What are possible definitions of economic equality?
(varies with ideology)
- people with larger incomes should pay more taxes
- all people should earn equal wages for work of similar value
- there should be a guaranteed annual income ]- all people should share in the wealth of teh country or world
- epople should own the means of production (factories, compaines) collectively
- everything should be free; there should be no private property
73
What is cooperation?
Means thorugh which a group or collective achieve their common goal(s) (ex. designating roles, protocols, guidelines)
74
What is an example of a collective cooperations?
A cooperative (Daycares, health care centres, credit unions are all owned and managed cooperatively)
75
What is public property?
Anything that is not privately owned by individuals
(generally owned by the state or community and managed according to the best interests of the community)
76
How do differnt ideologies support public property?
- all support the idea of public property to different degrees
- in a communist state, all industries culd be public property
- the concept of public property is also present to a lesser extent in liberal democracies
- parks, schools, raods, libraries, crownland, crown corporations are all managed by thegovernment in the interest of society and maintained with public money raised through taxation
77
What is collective interest?
- set of interests that members of a group have in common
- the bbasis for the organized labout movement (effort by organized labour to improve condition for workers)
78
What is collective responsibility?
- holding the group responsible for the actions of individuals (or individual groups) within the group
- asserts there is no individual action for which the group cannot be in some way held accountable
79
Does a collective always guarantee a caring society?
No, totalitarian states like North Korea can also use it
80
What is adherence to collective norms?
Groups usually improve norms/standards on members as a consition of membership in the group
- while voluntary members generally see these as binding, naking adherence to collective norms important
81
What is an example of adherence to collective norms?
Censorship (deliberately restricting information the public will be)
82
What are the understandings of individualism and collectivism in North America?
- Americans well-known for their emphasis on the principle of individualism
- American individualism consists of a characteristic attitude of tough-mindedness towards the claims of others for assistance
- still, American cultues believe tha tvoernment should help those who need it; a collectivist idea
- studies seem to show individualism and collectisim don't oppose, but co-exist as two seperate values
83
How does enterpreneuralism help society?
- benefits of enterpreneurship aren't limited to one individual's achievement
- business peopel also provide economic benefit for others by creating employment and sometimes influence others in positive ways
84
Who are the Kibbutz?
- they are collectivist Israeli communities that are a good example of modern societies that have gradually incorporated collectivism into traditional individualistic values
85
What are Non Governmental Organizations?
NGOs; exemplify a structure founded on both collectivist and individualistic values
- created to address social issues (collectivist as they work together for a common goal)
- also incorporate individualism (they are private initiatives)
