Unit 2 Flashcards
(98 cards)
What is classical conservatism?
An ideology that says government should represent the legacy of the past as well as the well-being of the present, and that society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion, that government should be chosen by a limited electorate, that leaders should be humanitarian, and that the stability of society is all important.
What is command economy?
An economic system based on public (state) ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed (for example, at what price they should be sold); also known as a centrally planned economy; usually found in communist states.
What is communism?
A system of society with property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her need.
What is Feminism?
The belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The term also stands for the movement that advocates for these equalities that gained prominence in the 1960s.
What are human rights?
Also known as “natural rights”, the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. These rights are enshrined in Bills and Declarations of Rights in many countries including Canada and the United States, and in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
What are labour standards?
Government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers’ rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination
What is Marxism?
Radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism to distinguish it from other socialist ideologies
What is mixed economy?
An economic system based on free-market principles but with some government intervention, usually to regulate industry, to moderate the boom-and-bust nature of the free-market business cycle, and to offer social welfare programs. In some mixed economic systems, the government owns some key industries (such as communications, utilities, or transportation).
What is progressivism?
A 1920s movement in the United States, usually associated with President Theodore Roosevelt that reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez-faire capitalism by large corporations. Progressives favoured “a square deal” for average citizens and used legislation and some regulation of the marketplace to achieve this.
What is socialism?
Any ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors
What is universal suffrage?
The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically. This participation begins with the right to vote.
What is welfare capitalism?
Initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions; also refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers
What is luddism?
A protest movement of the early 1800s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines.
What is chartism?
A working-class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848
Who are utopian socialists?
Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries of the 19th century; people who believe it is possible to work to bring about a better world and that obvious evils can be eradicated
What is moderate socialism?
Term used to distinguish the nonviolent, non-revolutionary character of socialism from the communist idea of revolutionary change; sometimes referred to as democratic socialism
What is welfare capitalism?
Initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions; also refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers
What is keynesianism?
The economic theories and programs ascribed to John M. Keynes and his followers specifically : the advocacy of monetary and fiscal programs by government to increase employment and spending
What is capitalism?
An economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers; a minimum of government involvement is favoured.
What are labour unions?
Associations of workers engaged in a similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. Their purpose is to provide a united voice that speaks for the rights of its members.
What was the great depression?
An economic crisis that began in late 1929 with the stock market crash and continued through the 1930s. During this period, banks failed, factories closed, many people became unemployed, and international trade declined.
What is moderate liberalism?
Social liberalism, also known as left liberalism in Germany, modern liberalism in the United States and new liberalism in the United Kingdom, is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights.
What are keynesian economics?
Economic theory that stated that the ‘economy’ is essentially unstable and a balance between supply and demand was subject to fluctuations in people’s behavior.
What is the boom and bust cycle?
An alternation of prosperity and depression specifically: alternate periods of high and low levels of economic activity in the business cycle.* The cycle is a key characteristic of capitalist economies and is sometimes synonymous with the business cycle. During the boom the economy grows, jobs are plentiful and the market brings high returns to investors. In the subsequent bust the economy shrinks, people lose their jobs and investors lose money.
