relationships

Question 1

what are the factors affecting attraction?

Answer 1

1 physical attractiveness , including the matching hypothesis
2 self disclosure
3 filter theory

Question 2

what physical features are we attracted to?

Answer 2

facial symmetry is thought to be a signal of genetic fitness .
neotenous faces baby face like big eyes make men want to care for them and protect them
fertility features like wide hips show women can give birth better and small waist shows no already pregnant so they can carry on their bloodline
wide top for men to protect offspring

Question 3

what is the halo effect?

Answer 3

we believe that physically attractive people other attributes are also overwhelmingly positive like being nicer and smarter.
dion et al 1972 found that physically attractive people are consistently found kind strong sociable and successful compared to unattractive people.

Question 4

what is the matching hypothesis?

Answer 4

Walster suggested you should be more attracted to a person who matches your attractiveness level.
all uni students secretly rate attractiveness ]and you bought a ticket
filled questionnaire told going be matched on personality but randomly put with a partner
findings didn’t support the hypothesis
spent time with someone more attractive was rated better then someone same as you
he conducted a further study this time participants met before computer dance and were given a choice of who to partner to the dance

Question 5

not just physical attractiveness makes a relationship work

Answer 5

people have other features that make them attractive like being funny or a gentleman. this suggests that people are able to attract partners far more physically attractive than themselves by offering compensatory assets for an example an older wealthy man may pair with an attractive young women

Question 6

physical attractiveness is not always import in initial attraction

Answer 6

research shown when we look at online dating they dont think of their own attractiveness they just think wow there attractive and go for them which doest support mathing hypothesis but actually support what walster found in comptutar dance

Question 7

physical attractiveness is more important for males and are more satisfied with their relationship

Answer 7

meltzer provided support for this claim they found objective ratings of their wives attractiveness were positively related to levels of hsubands satisfaction at the begining of marriage and remained. in contrast and supporting women dont have correlation with attraction and satisfactory of relationship

Question 8

what is self disclosure?

Answer 8

it is telling someone your deepest thoughts and feelings can strengthen a romantic bond when used appropriately . a way of developing trust in a relationship without trust a relationship will not develop and be long lasting

Question 9

what is social penetration theory

Answer 9

a gradual processes of revealing your inner self to someone and them reciprocating between intimate partner when one discloses it shows trust .
as they increasingly disclose more information the partners penetrate more deeply into each others lives, this signals that a person likes us.

Question 10

what is spreachers study

Answer 10

it was 156 uni students paired into two person couples two thirds were female and one third were male female. spreacher and hendrick found strong correlations between several measures of satisfaction and self- disclosure in hetrosexual couples
counter- spreacher and hendrick found strong positive correlations but this does not mean that self disclosure causes relationships to be satisfying. it may be that satisfied partners disclose more , or both caused by times sent together.
This suggests that self disclosure may not cause satisfaction directly which reduces he validity of social penetration theory.

Question 11

a meta analysis much bigger sample more generalisable

Answer 11

relationship was stronger

Question 12

some researchers have suggested that relationships formed over the internet involve higher levels of self disclosure than in face to face relationships

Answer 12

as couples do this they may lack trust which has usually developed in face to face relationships. explains why some people who leave relationships with someone that they met online usually end in disaster.

Question 13

there are cultural differences when it comes to self disclosure

Answer 13

in western people are more likely to engage intimate self disclosure Americans are more likely to disclose.
alpha bias exaggerates difference

Question 14

what is filter theory ?

Answer 14

suggest we chose romantic partners by using a sense of filters what narrows down the field of availables.

Question 15

social demorgraphy

Answer 15

same location
socail class
friends
more likely same ethnic

Question 16

similarity in attitude

Answer 16

values need to agree
best predictor of the relationship becoming stable

Question 17

complementary attributes

Answer 17

somebody meeting a need you need in them
if one partner s particular low n a particular attribute in the other it should be high

Question 18

longitudinal study

Answer 18

evidence to support found complementary of needs more important where relationships gets to 18 months. our needs change as our relationships develop

Question 19

Duck 1973
suggest real value of the filtering process

Answer 19

that it allows people to make predictions about their future interactions and so avoid investing in a relationship that wont work. real life application

Question 20

important is that males and females filter out different things due to having different needs applies to age and culture

Answer 20

most research to support filter theory was performed in individualistic cultures where relationships are affected by different limiting factors. cultural relativism not generalisable

Question 21

what is natural selection?

Answer 21

when certain features exist because they provide an advantages which insures survival. therefore the features are passed on through genes to the future offspring.

Question 22

what is sexual selection?

Answer 22

when certain bodily features exist because they are valued by potential partners and deemed attractive , leading to increased opportunities for mating and greater reproductive success.

Question 23

what is anisogamy and mate selection?

Answer 23

the difference between males and females sex cells. male sperm is extremely mobile small and produced in vast numbers. whereas female eggs are large static and not plentiful. this leads to two types of mating strategies - sexual selection theory.

Question 24

inter sexual selection

Answer 24

takes place when members of one sex often females choose males from the other sex. females may choose mates for a range of reasons these could be because they could appear more healthy so will pass a good genes to offspring.

Question 25

intra sexual selection

Answer 25

takes place when members of one sex usually makes compete for access to the other sex. characteristics that make a male more successful in a fight are likely to be passed on to offspring.

Question 26

What was buss 1989 study?

Answer 26

a study of 10,000 adults in 33 countries : females place greater value on resources ranked characteristics such as good financial prospects ambition and industriius makes valued reproductive capacity in terms of good cooks chasity and youth. these finding reflect sex differences in mating strategies due to anisogamy and support predictions about partner preferences from sexual selection theory.

Question 27

Buss evaluation

Answer 27

outdated view change society women provide for herseck and dont need to look for a male to do that supports intra selection

Question 28

what did Clark and halfreud suggest?

Answer 28

women are less likely to agree to a one night stand. Whereas males would support inter selection no females #wherea 75% males agreed to one night stand

Question 29

clark and halfreud evaluation

Answer 29

limited sample only done on university students however supports that women are more choosy than males have evolved a different strategy to ensure reproductive success to carry on their bloodline women arent sociallised to talk freely about sexual relationships also socially desirable

Question 30

what's Cunningham's research?

Answer 30

men were attracted to women with large eyes and small nose and chins. theses are all features which are child like which is important to men as it shows youth.

Question 31

Cunningham's evaluation

Answer 31

neonates face shows more fertile which shows carry on bloodline which supports intra selection

Question 32

whats singh 1993 findings?

Answer 32

that men found women with small waists and large hips most attractive as this is a honest signal that the women is fertile but not currently pregant .

Question 33

Singh evaluation

Answer 33

support intra selection raising babies that are their theirs and no one elses

Question 34

what is the social exchange theory?

Answer 34

this is an economic ( weakness , oversimplify) theory of relationships which suggests that we seek to give and receive valuable goods in relationships. the theory assumes that we act of self - interest. we aim to minimise losses and maximise profits. we just our satisfaction in relationhsips by how much profit we gain. we stay in relationships because we are in profit.

Question 35

comparison level one way in which we measure profit

Answer 35

will consider previous relationships and cultural norm to decide whether a relationship is profitable. our expectations are based on media ideas what relationships should look like it is also linked with our self esteem- high self esteem means we have high expectations low self esteem might have lower expectations

Question 36

comparison level for alternatives another way which we measure profit

Answer 36

a partner may consider whether the alternative another relationship or being alone is more profitable than the current relationships people stay in relationships if they are more profitable than the alternative duck suggests that contented partner wont even consider alternatives and may not realise they exist

Question 37

Thibault and kelley suggest relationships develops through four stages which are:

Answer 37

1 sampling explore cost and rewards to offer 2 bargaining negotiate what is a cost and what is a reward at this point they make the decision if they want to carry on the relationship 3 commitment more stable relationship cost reduce rewards increase 4 institutionalisation when partner becomes settled because norms of the relationships are established

Question 38

What do clark and mills suggest?

Answer 38

that this theory fails to distinguish between two types of relationships more likely in romantic relationships then platonic ones therefore ungeneralisable

Question 39

What does Set theory suggest?

Answer 39

That dissatisfaction sets in when costs out weigh the rewards. or alternatives seem more attractive However potential problem with cause and effect but argyle argues dissatisfaction comes first then we start to perceive costs and alternatives committed partners do no even notice alternatives. therefore considering costs/alternatives is caused by dissatisfaction rather than the reverse a direction not predicted by social exchange theory

Question 40

it is difficult to measure costs and rewards in relationships because

Answer 40

its subjective as its different for different people therefore cant generalise the findings

Question 41

what is equity theory?

Answer 41

the term equity means fairness both partners level of profit needs to be fair so roughly the same. levels of costs and rewards do not need to be the same. when there is a lack of equity for example one partner over benefits and the other under benefits from the relationships there will be disatisfaction. over benefitted partner will feel guitly under benefitted partner will feel resentful and frustrated this partner wil be more likely wanting to change this- inequity

Question 42

consequences of inequity

Answer 42

both partners will feel disatisfieds over benefitted will feel guilty and under benefitted will feel resentful and most wanting a change

Question 43

changes in perception of equity view things as fair

Answer 43

might be happy at the start to put loads of effort in but as the relationships develop so does our perception of whether this is okay.

Question 44

Dealing with inequity

Answer 44

just accept it or say goodbye to the relationship, under benefitted feel more dissatisfied try have change level of profit which is behavioural or changing what you think about cost and rewards which is cognitive so they feel more equitable even though nothing has changed what was once perceived as a cost can seem and become as the norm for the relationship

Question 45

There is research to support equity theory

Answer 45

Mary Utne looked at couples that have been recently married found their relationship to be equitable were more satisfied then those who believed they were under or over benefitted on the other handf correlation adn self reports which give socially desired answers instead of truthful ones positive correlation this study supports the central predictions of equity theory that equity is a major concern of couples and is linked with satisfaction. dont know about long term marriages as it was only recently married.

Question 46

cultural limitations for equity theory

Answer 46

found that individualist cultures consider their relationship to be most satisfying when their relationship was equitable. however partners in a collectivist culture jamaica were most satisfied when over benefitting men and women so not explained by gener differences. this suggests that the theory is limited as it only applies to some cultures,

Question 47

individual differences in equity theory

Answer 47

some people are more concearned about equity then others. they describe some partners as benevolent who are prepared to contribute more to the relationship. on the other hand others believe they are entitled to being overbenefitted and accept it without feeling guilty. this shows that a desire for equity varies from one individual to another and is not a universal feauture of romantic relationships/

Question 48

what is rusbults investment model?

Answer 48

if satisfaction levels are high comparison with alternatives are low. when you invest more in a relationship like a house or children or finances you are less likely to leave. we stay because we are committed satisfaction contributes to this behavioural maintenance strategies Accommodation promote the relationship no tit for tat point scoring. putting their partners interests first willingness to sacrifice. forgiving them for any serious transgressions cognitive maintenance strategies positive illusions taking about partner in a positive way. ridiculing alternatives negative views about alternative no one else will put up with me or with that

Question 49

extrinsic

Answer 49

resources that are acquired from the relationship e.g. kids house

Question 50

instrinisic

Answer 50

resources we directly put in

Question 51

there is research to support rusbult investment model

Answer 51

meta analysis by Agnew reviewed 52 studies from late 1970 to 1990sudies which together included 11,000 participants from five countries. they found that satisfaction comparison with alternatives and investment predicted commitment - commitment linked with greater stability and longevity. the outcomes were true for both men and women across all cultures and for homosexual and heterosexual relationships. this suggests that the models claim that these are universally important in relationships is valid.

Question 52

rusbults investment model is based on correlational research

Answer 52

cant imply cause and effect even the strongest correlation is no evidence of a causation. couldn't find another alternative cant study relationships in experimental methods. it does not follow the factors in the correlations caused commitment e.g. perhaps commitment comes before investment.

Question 53

rusbults investment models explains why people stay in abusive relationships

Answer 53

real life application rusbult studied women staying at a shelter. hose reporting the greatest investment and fewest alternatives were most likely to return to abusive partners. the women i this study were dissatisfied with their relationship but returned to their partners because they were committed to them. therefore the model shows that satisfaction on its own cannot explain why people stay in relationships - commitment and investment are also factors.

Question 54

what are ducks 5 phase model of a relationship breakdown?

Answer 54

it refers to the break down relationships as a process 1 intra- psychic phase 2 dyadic phase 3 social phase 4 grave dressing phase 5 resurrection phase, which was added later

Question 55

what's the intra-psychic stage?

Answer 55

i cant stand this anymore! indicating a determination that something has to change the focus of this phase is on cognitive process occurring with the individual. The dissatisfied partner worries about the reasons for this and will usually focus on the partners shortcomings. the partner thinks over this privately and weigh up pros and cons about their relationship

Question 56

what's the dyadic phase ?

Answer 56

cannot avoid talking about their relationship any longer. there is a series of confrontation over a period of time in which the relationship is discussed. this is the time where they may see a counsellor if point done well they may exit the model and continue maintenance

Question 57

whats the social phase?

Answer 57

dissatisfied partner concludes i mean it! couples social networks break up is made public partners will seek support and try to forge pacts. mutual friends find they are expected to choose sides. factions are formed gossip is traded

Question 58

whats the grave dressing phase?

Answer 58

inevitable aftermath once relationship is dead the time comes to bury it by spinning it . likely to make a variation where they will be judged most favourably.

Question 59

whats the resurrection phase?

Answer 59

ex partners can turn their attention to future relationship using the experiences gained from their recently added

Question 60

there are methodological issues with the research studies for duck phase model of relationship break down

Answer 60

socially desiability bias. ducks model is retrospective partcipant generally give their experiences of breakdown process some time after relationship has ended. this means that what we recall may not be reliable , its impossible to study this phase in the relationship when problems first appear,

Question 61

the ducks phase model theory has real world application

Answer 61

the model suggests that some repair strategies might be more effective at one stage of relationship break down than another. for example in the intra psychic stage partners could worry more positively about each other. improving communication skills is beneficial in the dyadic stage. this suggests that the model can provide supportive insights to help people through difficult times in their lives.

Question 62

ducks phase model may be culturally biased

Answer 62

on the other hand Moghaddam, argue the model is based on breakdown in individualist cultures where relationships are mostly voluntary and often end. relationships in collectivist cultures are often obligatory and less easy to end the whole concept of romantic relationships differs between cultures . therefore the models application to reverse breakdown can only be applied in some cultures,

Question 63

self disclosure in computer mediated communication cmc

Answer 63

self disclosure in online relationships is more likely top make people feel more open they might be more likely to open up as there is less focus on physical appearance. There are two opposing theories about how self- disclosure works in virtual relationships.

Question 64

what is the reduced cues theory?

Answer 64

cmc relationships are less effective than f to f ones as they lack the normal cues non verbal communication like gestures and facial expressions leads to deindividuation which then leads to disinhibited in relations to other. therefore less likely to disclose personal information because you dont see the person as real.

Question 65

what is the hyperpersonal model?

Answer 65

cmc relationships can be intense more quickly. we are more likely to disclose personal information because we can be anonymous. selective self presentation display what we want to be seen and show perfect version of ourselves online

Question 66

whats the evaluation for reduced cues theory?

Answer 66

lack of research support , the theory is wrong to say it has no cues as we use emojis to display how we are feeling. this is hard for reduced cues theory to explain because it suggests virtual relationships can be as personal as ftf ie no differences

Question 67

what's the evaluation for hype personal model?

Answer 67

there is research support for hyperpersonal model people asre more motivated to be hyper honset or hyper dishonest in online relationships supports idea we disclose more/. questions online are often more direct

Question 68

what is meant by absence of gating in virtual relationships?

Answer 68

A gate is a barrier which may prevent you from starting a relationship with someone this could be physical in attractiveness as a stammer anxiety or shyness as online could not see this

Question 69

whats the evalaution for absence of gating in virtual relationships ?

Answer 69

research to support the absence of gating mckenna and bargh researched lonely and socially anxious people they found that when relationships were formed online over 70% lasted more than two years. this is higher than when the relationships were instigated in the real world.

Question 70

there are different types of cmc

Answer 70

if you compare communication over dating sites that is likely to be less direct because you may see someone in the real world eventually. in comparison online chat rooms or twitter people may be more direct and give lots of information because they do not anticipate that they will see the person in real life. therefore the theories are only a small part of our understanding and not valid.

Question 71

relationships are multimodel

Answer 71

this means that they exist both online and offline therefore its not as straightforward to say that relationships are one or the other

Question 72

what is a parasocial relationship?

Answer 72

one sided relationship with a celebrity. the person feels close to their celebrity but the celebrity has no idea they exist

Question 73

Horton and wohl

Answer 73

the fan knows all about the celebrity but the celebrity doesn't know the fan exists. could be relationship with a team, an organisation a brand or an fictional character

Question 74

levels of parasocial relationships

Answer 74

mcCutcheon et al 2002 developed the celebrity attiude scales [ self report=socially desireability bias] which was used by maltby et al 2006 to collect research to develop the three levels of a parasocial relationship mild- entertainment - social moderate- intense-personal severe - borderline pathological

Question 75

what is the mild entertainment social level?

Answer 75

celeberities are viewed as a source of entertainment with minimal emotional investment

Question 76

what is moderate intense personal Para social level?

Answer 76

celebrities are seen as potential soulmates with a deep interest in their levels

Question 77

what is severe borderline pathological level in Para social relationships?

Answer 77

significant resources are spent to feel close to celeberities believing in a friendship

Question 78

what is the absorption -addiction model? explanation of Para social relationships?

Answer 78

explains parasocial relationships as a total pre-occupation in a celebrity life, plus an addiction to having a stronger involvement. A parasocial relationship allows them to escape from reality. someone who initially has an entertainment social orientation to a celebrity may be triggered into a more intense involvement by some personal crisis or stressful life event. it has two components: absoption or addiction

Question 79

Absorption

Answer 79

compensates for some deficiencies in their life lack of identity difficulty forming intimate relationships. gives fulfilment and a sense of purpose

Question 80

Addiction

Answer 80

sense fulfilment becomes addictive dopamine hit and want to do it again

Question 81

what do Giles and maltby suggest?

Answer 81

that a parasocial relationships develops through three levels. Firstly, the fan is attracted to the celebrity , they will watch them follow them on social media keep up with their business. secondly they will become more intense and start to have feeling towards them. thirdly they become addicted and start to develop uncontrollable behaviour and fantasies about their lives.

Question 82

evaluation of the absorption - addiction model

Answer 82

-one problem is that it offers a better description rather than explanation. therefore it lacks validity as it cannot be used to explain why people develop Para social relationships.

Question 83

Maltby evaluation 2005

Answer 83

Maltby 2005 - most research is correlational so cant establish cause and effect lack identity

Question 84

Maltby evaluation 2003

Answer 84

useful applications types of personality practical - extravert psychotic and neurotic, he found that extravert were more likely to be at the entertainment social level and neurotics at the intense personal level and psychotics at the borderline pathological level. supporting absorption addiction model this suggests research into para social can be used to improve professional understanding

Question 85

what is attachment theory?

Answer 85

it attempts to explain where para social relationships develop from. suggests a tendency to form parasocial relationships in adolescence and adulthood because of attachment difficulties in early life. Bowlby suggested early difficulties could lead to emotional troubles - think about continuity hypothesis that your internal working model with continue to effect your relationships.

Question 86

what did Ainsworth suggest about Para social relationships?

Answer 86

Ainsworth suggested that insecure resistant and insecure avoidant attachment types developed if attachment was not secure. Insecure resistant attachment types need to have unfulfilled needs met through a parasocial relationship because they are not able top do this in real life for fear of rejection and break up.

Question 87

evaluation of attachment theory

Answer 87

- mccutcheon et al 2006 failed to find any evidence of a link between attachment type and prevalence of parasocial relationships. Therefore the validity of this theory is poor methodological issues - lack of research

Question 88

overall evaluation for attachment theory

Answer 88

Research has shown that para social relationships tend to be the same in different cultures. For example when schmid and klimmet 2011 studied germany and mexico they found similar patterns of para social relationships regarding harry potter .this shows the importance of mainstream media in different cultures. methodological issues: