Memory Flashcards

Question

What is meant by coding

Answer 1

Converting information from one format to another .

Answer 2

- all information enters the system from the environment through the senses to the sensory memory store. So this part of memory is not one store but five - two main stores iconic memory visual info coded visually and echoic memory sound/auditory is coded acoustically - information stays here for a very brief period of time before either decaying or passing onto the stm store .

Answer 3

0.25 seconds to 2 seconds and capacity is vast

Answer 4

Maintenance Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 5

Repeating material to ourselves - helps keeps information in short term memory - prolonged rehearsal can move information to ltm

Answer 6

Craik and Watkins 1973 found that maintenance rehearsal doesn’t move information to ltm - elaborative rehearsal is needed for ltm - linking information to existing knowledge understanding what it means

Answer 7

It has supporting research to show that the stm and ltm stores are qualiitvely different for example research by baddeley shows that remembering a word from a list via stm had difficulty rembering word that sounded acoustically similar. This shows that it’s harder to remember a word that sounded acoustically similar similar acoustically from short term memory . Overall it shows that short term memory relays on acoustic coding .

Answer 8

They showed partcipants a list of 20 words presented one at a time and then asked them to recall - this is called the serial position effect When asking people to remember a list of words which is greater than the capacity of short term memory they have a tendency to remember words from the beginning known as primacy effect and the end of the list recency affect

Answer 9

Serial position effect the primacy effect occurs because the first word are best rehearsed and transferrred to ltm. The recency effect occurs because these are the last words presented. Therefore they are fresh and in stm at the start of recall . Therefore this supports the stm store and the important of rehearsal .

Answer 10

He had his hippocampus removed in surgery he was affected by losing his memory of over a decade and his seizure stopped and IQ became higher. It supports msm maintenance rehearsal remember words. It’s a limitation of msm because procedural memory relays on cerebellum .

Answer 11

A virus attacked and destroyed his hippocampus and also damaged other areas of Cortex. Lives in a snapshot of time, constantly believing he has just woken up from unconsciousness. Normal stm but unable to lay down new information in ltm, some ltm left unaffected as remover who his wife is and other skills like playing piano and conducting . Msm shows that stm is unable to transfer info without elaborative rehearsal .

Answer 12

Hm suffered very bad epilepsy from age 16. At 27 he had surgery to remove his hippocampus from both sides of his brain this cured the epilepsy but had terrible side effects. He had no problem recalling information stored prior to the surgery but severe memory deficits for events happening after surgery. Similar to Clive wearing normal STM, eg could hold verbal info for 15 seconds and longer if slowed to rehearse but could not transfers it to Ltm store and if he could he was unable to access and retrieve it his memory for new motor skills seems unaffected. Two separate store different long term memory types.

Answer 13

KF is one of the few cases of damage to stm . KF had a motor bike accident which damaged the left parieto- occipital region of the brain. Ltm recall was unaffected but stm badly affected e.g. could only recall 1-2 items in digit spam task instead of usual 7+ /-2 on recent effect tasks recall was as low one item . Some stm tasks performed better than others. STM was badly affected meaning stm and ltm are different store which support msm.

Answer 14

That there were three types of ltm Episodic memory Semantic memory Procedural memory And contained different types of information

Answer 15

Acquired and used unconsciously like procedural memory like riding a bike you learned it once and rembered since .

Answer 16

Involves conscious recollection of particular facts and events. Like semantic which contains knowledge of the world and episodic events or episodes conscious effort to recall them like our memory of our first school day. Procedural is more resistant to forgetting

Answer 17

Several cases of patients who have suffered brain damage to their hippocampus and have memory deficits . Clive wearing and hm episodic memory in both these men was severely impaired a consequence of amnesia . They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened for their past. However, their semantic memory was relatively unaffected. For example, they still known the meaning of words. So , Hm would not be able to recall stroking a dog an hour earlier or having owned a dog in the past but he didn’t need the concept of a dog explained to him over and over. Their procedural memory’s were also intact. They could both tie there shoelaces walk and talk. In Clive wearing ‘s case he could still read music and play the piano . This is evidence for different types of long term memory because it showed he understood the concept of a dog but not that he owned one in the past. It suggest that episodic memories and semantic memories are kept in different ltm stores.

Answer 18

There is also evidence from the brain scan studies that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain. For example tulving 1994 got their partcipants to perform various tasks while their brains were scanned using pet scans. They found that episodic and semantic memories were recalled from, and area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex. This is divided into areas, one on each side hemisphere of the brain. The left was involved in recalling semantic memories. Episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex. Procedural memories were recalled from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia . This is a strength as brain scans are scientifically credible as its provide objective evidence. The brain scan suggest that the types of long term memory are recalled from different areas in the brain and are stored differently.

Answer 19

Being able to identify different aspects of ltm allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory to better people’s lives. Belleville 2006 demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment. The trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory after training than the control group . Episodic memory is the types of memory most often affected middle cognitive impairment , which highlights the benefit of distinguishing the different types of long term memory. Benefits are you can target and improve them differently and just focus on one type that is lacking

Answer 20

They noticed when performing two visual tasks led to poorer performance but one visual one verbal led to better performance of those tasks. They focused on stm only and believed it was a unitary store like msm. They believed ltm as a more passive store that holds previously learned material for use by the stm when needed.

Answer 21

All decision making and researching takes place to decide where it goes e.g phonological loop or visouspatial sketch pad. Can be coded any way as it’s processed not limited to one sense . It has limited capacity

Answer 22

It was added in 2000, it intergrates all information from the central executive, phonological loop, visual spatial sketch pad and temporary storage space for central executive. Coding is modality free can process anyway not just one sense and has limited capacity of four chunks .

Answer 23

It goes off sound and deals with auditory information and the order in which it arrives. Its capacity is two seconds of information and is coded acoustically.

Answer 24

Hold visual information like what things look like and spatial where it is visual cache (data) and inner scribe arrangement of objects in the visual field. It’s coded visually and holds three to four objects.

Answer 25

- it seems that the phonological loop holds the amount of information that you can say in 1.5-2 seconds baddeley et al 1975 - this makes it hard to remember a list of long word such as association and representative compared to shorter words like harm and twice and therefore inhibits rehearsal for longer words. - this effect disappears if an articulatory suppression task is given . These findings support wmm as remembering shorter words better supports wmm because it shows that on the phonological loops you. Can fit more shorter words than longer words.

Answer 26

Participants were given a visual tracking task : track a moving line with a pointer at the same the were given one of two tasks : 1 to describe the toangle of the letter f which system did this task involve 2 to perform a verbal task which system did this involve?

Answer 27

Patient KF suffered brain damage after this damage , KFS impairment was mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely unaffected this suggest the phonological loop short term memory store is different too visual . However as this was found in a lab experiment it lacks ecological validity and mundane realism as participants may alter behaviour as they are aware that they are being observed due to demand characteristics and social desireability bias.

Answer 28

It involved the phonological store to perform a verbal task and it take the visual store to describe the angle of the letter f they performed the second task better because

Answer 29

Interference is one memory disturbs the ability to recall another, which can result in forgetting or disrupting one or both memories,

Answer 30

Previously learned information interferes with new information.for example old phone number interferes with recall of new phone number .

Answer 31

New memories interfering with old one’s, for example new phone number effecting recall of old phone number,

Answer 32

Mc Geoch and McDonald studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between two sets of material . The pps learn a list of words to the point of 100% recall . Then they learned a new list this gave 6 conditions and so six groups who had a learn different lists. 1 synonyms - words with the same meaning as the originals 2 antonyms - words with the opposite meaning to the originals 3 words unrelated to the originals 4 nonsense syllables 5 3 digit numbers 6 no new list - these pps just retested They found when the pps recalled the original list , their performance depending on the nature of the second list.

Answer 33

Synonyms are recalled the worst and numbers were recalled the best then consonant syllable then unrelated adjectives then antonyms then synonyms

Answer 34

There experiment was laboratory meaning extraneous variables were controlled so they can impact the results of the experiment so there is high reliability as researcher can repeat it as it’s replicable. However it has low ecological validity. As it doesn’t test every day memory meaning it’s not representative of our recall on our memory we use everyday it lack external validity as it only applies to a lab setting and not real life . It is also an artificial task meaning the artificial stimuli used in these tasks such as learning lists of random words with no personal meanings to the partcipants,means that the findings of interference studies are likely to have low mundane realism . This is because in real life, we are likely to learn lists of meaningful information, such as revision topics for psychology which draw links upon and also which have personal meanings to us. These factors may also influence the extent of forgetting rather than interference.

Answer 35

Baddeley and hitch found that, in a group of rugby player who had to recall the names of teams they’d played that season ( which would be different for each player ) accurate recall was affected more by number of games they’d played since than the time since that match took place,

Answer 36

This study shows that the interference explanation can be applied to some everyday situations with increases the ecological validity of the explanation.

Answer 37

The reason we forget is due to insufficient cues. When we encode a new memory , we also store information that occurred around it (cues) such as the way we felt physiological state or place we were in. If we cannot remember or recall it, it could be because we are not in a similar situation to when the memory was originally stored . If the cues are not present when we come to recall then we find it difficult to retrieve the memory. It is not necessarily because we have forgotten it it’s just that we don’t have the cues to help us to access the memory. It is still available it just we can’t access the memory. Encoding specific principle is ‘ the greater similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval event the greater the likelihood of recalling the original memory.

Answer 38

With partcipants recalling their words 1 or two hours after they have learnt them . This does not reflect the normal passage of time in everyday life , where. We often find that several days pass until we need to recall such information e,g, in the case of an exam .

Answer 39

Further suggesting that these lab experiments lack mundane realism and reliability therefore, this suggests that interference is unlikely to be a valid explanation for forgetting from the Ltm.

Answer 40

A 'trigger' for information that allow us to access a memory

Answer 41

- some cues are linked to material in a meaningful way to help you remember it e.g. mnemonics : tool to help remember facts or a large amount of information it can be a song, a rhyme acronym image or a phase to help remember a list of facts in a certain order

Answer 42

- other cues may be indirectly linked by being encoded at the time of learning. - these cues can be external like environment - e.g. the room you were in, smell , temperature - or they can be internal - e,g. mood

Answer 43

1 context dependant forgetting - external environmental cues 2 state dependant forgetting - internal cues

Answer 44

this was investigated by godden and baddeley. in this study divers learned a list of words with underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or n land. This therefore created four conditions. - group one - learn on land - recall on land group 2 - learn on land - recall underwater group 3- learn underwater - recall on land group 4 learn under water - recall underwater

Answer 45

recall was 40% lower in the unmatched condtions

Answer 46

This was investigated by carter and Cassady. They looked at the effects of antihistamines. They had a mild sedative effect making the partcipant slightly drowsy. This creates an internal physiological state different from the normal state of being awake and alert. the particpants had to learn a list of words and passages of prose and then call the information again creating four conditions. group one - learn on the drug- recall when on it group two - learn on the drug - recall when not on it group three - learn not on drug - recall when on it group four learn not on drug- recall when not on it

Answer 47

recall was significantly lower in unmatched condtions

Answer 48

they were lab experiments which increases the internal validity of the research , due to the use of highly controlled conditions in lab experiments standardised instructions alongside the removal of the biasing effects of extraneous variables and confounding. however baddeley argued that it is difficult to find conditions in real-life which are as polar as water and land for example and thus questioned the existence of context effects in normal life . the findings from studies of retrieval failure may lack ecological validity, this suggests that retrieval failure may be best suited to explaining cases of forgetting where the cues associated with encoding and retrieval are uncommonly distinct thus not providing an accurate depiction of forgetting in day to day life.

Answer 49

Godden and baddeley repeated their underwater deep sea diver experiment 1975 but tested for the recognition of learnt words, as opposed to recall, and found no significant difference in accuracy of recognition between the matched and non- matched condtions.

Answer 50

this suggests that retrieval failure may only explain forgetting for some types of memory. tested in specific ways and under certain conditions , hence not being a universal explanation . this further suggests that the findings from studies of retrieval failure suffer from poor generalisability.

Answer 51

although context related cues may not have a strong effect on forgetting Baddeley argues they are still worth paying attention too, for example we have all walked into a room and forgotten