Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
what is a disinhibited attachment
A
clingy, overly familliar
2
Q
what are the effects of institutionalisation?
A
low IQ
disinhibited attachment
3
Q
what is development of attachment?
A
infancy is the period in a child’s life before they are able to speak. This is usually the first year of a child’s life. one of the key interactions between caregivers and infants is their non- verbal communication?
4
Q
what are the two types of care - giver interaction?
A
reciprocity
interactional synchrony
these are the two types of caregiver infant interaction
5
Q
what is reciprocity?
A
flipping it
is when the caregiver and infant respond to each other. each person elicits a response to the other.
when the person talks then the person is done the other person will respond
6
Q
what did Tronick do ?
A
carried out the still face experiment which was a lab experiment when the mum didn’t react to the baby he started showing a negative reaction e.g high pitch squels
further research suggests that there is a rhythm in the interactions between infant and caregiver. this acts as a pre cursor to further communication. caregivers respond to the signal given by the infant
7
Q
what is interactional synchrony?
A
Doing things at the same tame
it is when the caregiver and infant reflect the action of one another and they do this in a coordinated way.
if you were mirroring someone else.
8
Q
what did Meltzoff and Moore do?
A
they carried out a study testing interactional synchrony. they pulled faces when baby was just born like sticking out their tongue and the baby did it back.
9
Q
difficult to know their intention behind their behaviour
A
when competing observations of children is difficult to know the intention behind their behaviour. are they deliberately moving because they want to. Therefore, we have to draw inferences or make assumptions about why their are behaving in a particular way. however on the other hand children will not be affected by demand characteristics. this means they wont change their behaviour because they are being watched. therefore the behaviour is more natural. there fore studies may lack validity as its not testing what it should be as there behaviours may be a coincidence instead of deliberate.
10
Q
the caregiver infant interactions were controlled
A
controlled observations capture fine details. this is a strength as its easy to replicate meaning its reliable as other researcher can repeat it and see if they can find the same results. if they do they can generalise to the rest of the population.
11
Q
what is a participant observation?
A
the researcher actively participates in the group or actively being observed gaining a deep understanding from within.
12
Q
what is a non- participant observation?
A
the researcher observes from a distance without actively participating aiming for a more objective view.
13
Q
what is a covert observation?
A
participants are unaware they are being observed
14
Q
what is an overt observation?
A
participants are aware that they are being observed
15
Q
what is a naturalistic observation?
A
observer observes and records behaviour in a natural setting away from the lab. with no manipulation of independent variables.
16
Q
what is a controlled observation?
A
researcher implements a level of control implementing replicaple procedure and sometimes an iv.
17
Q
which type of observation would be suitable for observing infants and why?
A
naturalistic as it capture authentic behaviour minimalising influence of an artificial setting. however you cant replicate therefore lacks scientific rigour.
18
Q
what was Schaffer and Emersons aim ?
A
To investigate the formation of early attachment focusing on the age at which they develop
19
Q
what was Schaffer and Emersons method?
A
it was an longitudinal study of 60 babies from glasgow with children and were all observed in their own homes over the space of one year. the caregiver were also interviewed about their attachment to the infant.
20
Q
what were the findings of schaffer and emerson study?
A
between 6-7months 50% babies showed separation anxiety towards a particular adult. Attachment tended to be formed with the caregiver most responsive to the infants signals and facial expressions. this was not necessarily the caregiver who was with the child the most. by 40 weeks 10 months 80% had developed a specific attachment and 30% had developed multiple attachments
21
Q
what was Schaffer and Emersons evaluation?
A
good external validity as it took place in the infants home therefore ecological validity which is more generalisable and representative. Of everyday behaviour as it limits the influence of an artificial environment it is a longitudinal design which means the infants and caregivers were observed regularly this is good as it can track any changes in their attachment. however it is a limited sample and cant generalise to babies outside Glasgow and represent other babies attachment. from this research Schaffer and Emerson were able to develop a stage model and explain how an attachments form.
22
Q
how do we know that an infant around the age of 7 months has an attachment to a caregiver?
A
if it cries with other people
23
Q
what are the stages of attachment - schaffer and emerson 1964?
A
stage one - asocial stage
stage two- indiscriminate stage
stage three- specific attachment
stage four- multiple attachment
24
Q
what is stage one the asocial stage?
A
similar responses to objects & people preference for face/ eyes
this is 0-6weeks
25
what is stage two the indiscriminate stage?
preference for human company . ability to distinguish between people but comforted indiscriminately ?
26
what is stage three the specific attachment?
infants show a preference for one caregiver , displaying separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. the baby looks to particular people for security comfort and protection.
27
What is stage four multiple attachments?
Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people e.g. siblings , grandparents etc
28
What is the evaluation for stages of attachment ?
- problems studying the asocial stage because babies don’t make many movements. So researcher will have to make inferences about their behaviour . This is not an objective measurement
2 there is conflicting evidence on multiple attachments for example in collectivist culture infant may show multiple attachments much earlier than in individualist culture
3 when measuring multiple attachments we will look to see if a child gets distressed when the caregiver leaves the room . However does this mean they have an attachment to the that person.
29
Why are fathers less likely to become the primary attachment figure?
Dads used to be the one to go out to work and mums used to stay at home up to 2013 when paternity leave was allowed. Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow baby study showed attachment to their mothers.
30
what did Grossman find ?
Grossman found the role of the father in attachment was less important than the mothers role. The quality of the mothers attachment was linked with the quality of attachments when the child became an adolescence. however, the quality of fathers' play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachment. this suggests that a fathers role is more to do with play than nurturing.
31
what did Field find?
Found that fathers can be more nurturing when they have to. if they are left alone with their children to bring them up they do taken nurturing role. The main factor that determines attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness a caregiver provides.
32
what is lorenz's aim?
to investigate imprinting attachment to the first thing that moves.
33
what was lorenz's procedure?
Lorenz randomly divided a dutch of goose eggs half were hatched with their mother and half were hatched in an incubator. Lorenz was the first moving that the incubator geese saw.
34
what did lorenz find?
The incubator geese followed lorenz everywhere the geese who hatched with mother followed her
35
what was lorenz's conclusion?
He suggested we form attachment in order to survive.
36
what was Lorenz's evaluation?
can not extrapolate ( generalise) the results to humans.as birds behave differently to humans. therefore we can not make generalisations.
37
what was Harlow's aim ?
to investigate contact comfort
38
what was Harlow's procedure?
Reared8 monkeys with two wire monkeys. One of the wire monkey dispensed milk and the other was covered in cloth but did not dispense milk measured how much time they spent on each of the monkeys and which monkey they went to when scared
39
what did Harlow find?
Baby monkeys cuddled the cloth monkeys and only went to the wire monkey when hungry when scared they went to the cloth monkey
40
what did Harlow conclude?
show attachment behaviour to a cloth covered surrogate mother when frightened , rather than a food dispensing surrogate mother
41
what did the additional Harlow study conclude?
When the maternally deprived monkeys where put back with their families they showed problems. They were aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys. They were unskilled at mating when they became parents some neglected their children and even killed them in some cases.
42
What was Harlow's evaluation?
The findings from this study have practical application as it has changed the way professional's think about attachment relationships in the early days. babies and mothers following birth. Their are ethical issues as the monkeys were obviously distressed but ultimately the findings are worthwhile and useful. This could not have been studied any other way. The benefits outweigh the costs.
43
what did John Dollard and Neal Miller 1950 propose?
they proposed that caregiver- infant attachment can be explained by learning theory. Referred to as a 'cupboard love' approach as it emphasis, the importance of food .Children are born as a 'blank slate 'and they learn to attach to whoever feeds them, according to this theory!
44
what are the three components of learning theory of attachment suggest?
1.Attachments are formed through classical conditioning( association)
2 attachments are formed through operant conditioning ( reinforcement)
3 attachment is a secondary drive
45
what is meant by classical conditioning?
This part of the theory suggests that we form at attachment because we associate our caregiver with something that instinctively produces pleasure, such as food.
before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus ( food) produces and unconditioned response ( salivation )
neutral stimuli( bell) produces no response
During conditioning
unconditioned +neutral stimuli ( food bell) produces and unconditioned response ( salivation)
After conditioning
conditioned stimulus ( bell) produces conditioned response ( salivation
46
how classical conditioning explains attachment formation?
Learning theory suggests that attachment are formed through association because we associate our care giver with something that provides pleasure, such as food. This is when the baby makes an association between food naturally provides a sense of pleasure UCR. The person who feeds (cs) the infant becomes associated with the food. The feeder eventually produces the pleasure associated with food: pleasure now becomes the conditioned response. The association between an individual and a sense of pleasure is the attachment
47
what does operant conditioning suggest how we form an attachment?
This part of the theory suggests we form an attachment with our caregiver because we are reinforced for the behaviour we show. If behaviour produces an unpleasant consequence it is unlikely to be repeated. crying leads to comfort and food from the mother so the behaviour is repeated,
The parent is also negatively reinforced as by feeding , the baby will stop the crying - escape something unpleasant is reinforcing. This interplay of mutual reinforcement strengths the attachment.
48
how operant conditioning explain attachment formation?
The hungry infant feel uncomfortable and this creates a drive to reduce the discomfort. when infant is fed the drive reduces feeling of pleasure arises so rewarded. Food becomes primary reinforcer. The person who supplies the food becomes associated with avoiding discomfort, so becomes the secondary reinforcer. Attachment occurs when the child seeks the person who can supply the reward. Food becomes a primary reinforcer negative reinforced when the infant becomes upset it stops them crying so there escaping something unpleasant,
49
what is attachment as a secondary drive?
Attachment is a secondary drive learned by association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of the primary drive which is hunger. Hunger is a primary drive its innate biologically motivated .we seek out food for survival. We are motivated to eat to reduce the drive. caregiver produces food so the primary drive becomes generalised to them. Attachment it a secondary drive learned by association between which the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive.
50
what is the evaluation of learning theory?
there is counter evidence from animal research a weakness is there other research that young animals do not always attach to the person that feeds them. Lorenz geese imprinted before they were fed in order to survival.
counter evidence from human research research with human infants also shows that fed does not appear to be an important factor in humans for example Schaffer and Emerson results show that an attachment is formed to the caregiver that gives the most Reponses to the infant facials expressions and signals .you can extrapolate
these results.
learning theory ignores other factors such as reciprocity and interactional synchrony . Research into early infant care giver interactions suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony.
51
what is Bowlby's monotropic theory?
Bowlby's theory is the dominant theory of how any why attachments form .it is based on the idea that certain components of attachment are evolutionary, they have evolved over tm to keep us alive. This theory is based upon the studies of Lorenz and Harlow. There are five components to this theory , these are best remembered by using the below acronym.
ascmi
adaptive
social releasers
crticical period
monotropy
internal working model
52
what is meant by bowlbys adaptive component?
attachments are adaptive meaning they can change and evolve over time and they enable us to survive this is seen in lorenzs study when the geese imprinted on lorenz the first moving thing they saw so they could survive.
53
what is meant by Bowlby's social releasers component?
infants emit social releasers, to which adults are biologically attuned to physical appearance and crying and smiling . These stimulate caregiving from adults. This means that we want to care and protect for the infant.
54
what is meant by Bowlby's critical period component?
attachments needs to develop during the critical period which is during the first two years . if not we might never be able to form an attachment . However, he has now adapted this and refers it to a sensitive period that its best to form them at this time.
55
what is meant by Bowlby's monotropy component?
attachments are monotropic meaning one it believes that a child usually has one significant attachment to one caregiver - referred to as the primary attachments figure.
56
what's is meant by Bowlby's internal working model component?
internal working model sometimes referred to as a schema is what a child forms a mental representation of their relationship with their primary caregiver .This is called an internal working model.
57
how are attachments formed according to Bowlby's monotropic theory?
attachments are adaptive and evolve to enable us to survive it is an innate system that develop because babies use social releasers to stimulate caregiving from adults that make them want to care and protect the infant like physical appearance and crying and smiling. they are said to be developed during the critical period which is in the infants first two years of their life and if not formed then then they may never be able to form an attachment Bowlby adapted this to the sensitive period that they can form one after its just best to form during this time. Bowlby suggest that a child only has one significant attachment this monotropic and is known as the primary caregiver. he also suggested are attachments are a mental representation and it will act as a template for future relationships.
58
evaluation for Bowlby's monotropic theory?
1 there is mixed evidence for monotropy because as there supporting evidence comes from Lorenz which you cant extrapolate as it come from animals humans attachment may not form for the same reason as them
2 studying monotropy might be socially sensitive issue because it can make one parent feel inadequate and puts pressure on mums to stay at home which pushes mothers to a particular life choices like not returning to work when her child is born.
3 there is evidence which shows the impact internal working models have on later relationships from one generation on to the next bailey tested this they assessed 99 mothers with one year old babies on the quality of attachment to their mothers using a standard interview procedure which leads to socially desired answers.
59
what is Mary Ainsworth strange situation?
Mary Ainsworth developed a technique which has been used to asses the quality of attachment between a caregiver and infant. This is a controlled observation using a one way mirror. The observers were behind the one-way mirror, so caregiver and infant were not aware that they were being observed. The structured technique involved 8 stages , each lasting for a short period of time .the strange situation was assessing four different behaviours shown by the infant:
1 separation anxiety
2 stranger anxiety
3 willingness to explore
4 reunion behaviour
60
what was Mary Ainsworth strange situation procedure?
1 mother and child enter the playroom willingness to explore
2 child is encouraged to play
3 stranger enters and attempts to interact - stranger anxiety
4 mother leaves -separation anxiety
5 mother returns and stranger leaves - reunion behaviour
6 mother leaves- separation anxiety
7 stranger returns- stranger anxiety
8 mother returns and attempts to interact - reunion behaviour
61
why was it important for Ainsworth to check each of the behaviours twice ?
Reliability
62
Why does ainsworth checking the behaviours twice improve study ?
As it’s easier to replicate and can make results reliable if found more than once .
63
Why is ainsworth strange situation a controlled observation?
The procedure people are told what to do - organised and structured.and controls extraneous variables which could effect results.
64
How did ainsworth try to limit demand characteristics?
By doing a two way mirror and they didn’t know they were being observed so didn’t give socially desirable behaviours and gave authentic geniune behaviour.
65
What are extraneous variables ?
Extra nuisance variables like noise weather temperature
66
What types of attachment did ainsworth find in her study ?
Secure shown 70%
Insecure avoidant shown 20%
Insecure resistant shown 10%
67
What describes secure attachment in the strange situation ?
Willing to explore but also seek proximity , moderate separation and stranger anxiety made contact at reunion.
68
What describes insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation ?
Willing to explore but do not seek proximity low separation and stranger anxiety no contact at reunion.
69
What describes insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation?
Not willing to explore and also seek proximity high separation and stranger anxiety reject contact at reunion.
70
What did ainsworth conclude about American babies?
That majority of American babies were securely attached.
71
What’s the evaluation for ainsworth strange situation ?
The study is replicable so has high reliability. As it was a controlled observation.
2 the classifications are reliable meaning the types of attachments. As you get the same results every time as other researchers found the same behaviour and attachment types, therefore the data and method is replicable and reliable .
3 however the procedure is culturally biased as it was only used on western babies. Therefore we incorrectly generalise to non western babies as we don’t know they have the same attachment types or behaviours.
72
Culture variations in attachment
Culture means a big group that share the same values. Subculture means the smaller groups within the culture. Culture varaitions refer to the differences between the cultures. Culture is an important issue when thinking about attachment. If bowlby is correct and attachment is a biological process which is innate in all of us then attachment will not be affected by outside influence such as culture. If we see massive variations with attachment in different culture then we can assume that culture plays a massive role rather than biology. However, it might be that one type of attachment appears to be dominant and therefore cultural practice, such as child rearing obviously have an effect but biology also does.
73
Individualist vs collectivist cultures
Individualist- is western work alone and raise children to be independent
Collectivist - non western work together raise children to be dependant on others.
74
What was van and kroonenberg procedure?
Meta analysis where re analyse different people’s study 32 different studies of attachment behaviours examined over 2000 stranger situation’s classifications in eight different countries . Kroonenberg were interested to see whether there would be evidence that inter cultural difference did exist meaning differences between cultures.
75
What were van and kroonenberg findings ?
Secure was most common attachment types. Germany had highest level of insecure avoidant. And Israel and Japan had highest levels of insecure resistant. Which are collectivist cultures and difference between cultures were small.
76
What did van and kroonenberg conclude?
Secure attachment is the norm these cultural similarities support the view that attachment is innate and biological process.
77
How might we explain the high levels of insecure avoidant seen in Germany?
They have different child rearing practices it involves keeping some interpersonal distance between parent and children so infants do not engage in proximity seeking behaviours.
78
How might we explain the high levels of insecure resistance seen in Israel and Japan ?
Raised to work together and to depend on others. In Japan infants rarely experience separation from mothers making har when it happens as the infants isn’t used to it.
79
Why might we see higher variation within cultures ?
Subcultures determine how we raise our children collectivist to depend on people and individualist to work independently.
80
What are the cultural similarities that tronicks found?
Tronicks studied an African tribe the efe, from Zaire who live in extended family groups infants were looked after even breastfed by different women but usually slept with their own mother at night despite such differences in child rearing practices the infants at six months still showed one primary attachment.
81
What are the cultural difference gross man and gross man found?
German children tended to be classified as insecurely attached which went against the majority of other cultures which were classified as secure.
82
What did Takashi 1990 find?
Found similar rates of secure attachment to those found by ainsworth et al however, the Japanese infants showed no evidence of insecure avoidant attachment and high rates of insecure resistant 32%. The Japanese infants were particularly distressed on being left alone ; in fact their response was so extreme that for 90% of the infants the study was stopped at this point, as they are rarely separated from their mothers.
83
Culture variation evaluation
1. The strange situation technique might not be the best for assessing attachment because it is a technique based on western culture, therefore it may incorrectly asses attachment types of non western children like Japanese babies .
2 we should produce theories that are specific to cultures rather than looking for theories that can explains all cultures. This means that the data from some countries might have been affected by bias and difficulty in cross - cultural communication.
3 the similarities seen might not be due to biology they could be due to shared mass media ideas about how to raise children . Therefore are explanations on why children form attachments are incomplete. And oversimplified
84
What is bowlby’s maternal theory of deprivation ?
John bowlby suggested that ‘ mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health. Being separated from mothers in early childhood has serious consequences. Bowlby theory of maternal deprivation focuses on how the effects of early experiences may interfere with the usual processes of attachment formation. Bowlby proposed that prolonged separation from the mother or mother substitute can have a serious effect on psychological development.
85
Define separation
Refers to the times in a child’s life when they may be separated for brief period of time but there not prolonged and there is usually a substitute carer such as a relative
86
Define deprivation
Refers to when a child has formed an attachment but is separated from the caregiver for a prolonged period of time bowlby believes this can have damaging effects.
87
What was bowlby’s concept of a critical period .
The first two and half years of a child’s life is referred to as the critical period. If the child is separated during this time, from the mother and there is no substitute care the child will experience psychological damage according to bowlby.
88
What are the effect of maternal deprivation?
Intellectual development
Emotional development
89
What is meant by intellectual development ?
Goldfarb 1947 found lower levels of IQ in children who had been raised in institution's children’s homes rather than being fostered. However further research has shown there is no effects on iq when maternally deprived.
90
What is meant by emotional development?
Affectionless psychopathy bowlby suggested that children who had been deprived of emotional care went on to develop affectionless psychopathy. This is characterised by an inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others?
91
What was bowlby procedure in 44 juvenile study?
44 juvenile thieves were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy l control group non criminals but showing emotional disturbance, these two groups were compared on their experiences of deprivation/ separation. A natural experiment - what are the iv and dv.
92
What were bowlbys findings?
14 of 44 juvenile thieves were described as affectionless psychopaths of these 14 12 had experiences prolonged separation/ deprivation during the first two years of their lives. Only five of the remaining 30 had experienced prolonged separation. Only two of the control group had experienced prolonged separation / deprivation.
93
What is bowlby maternal deprivation evaluation?
Due to the retrospective nature of the data collected this may not have been remembered accurately bowlby designed and conducted the study himself so may be subject to experimenter bias bowlby found correlation between prolonged separation and affectionless psychopathy rather than a causational relationship.
94
What does bowlbys study tell you about maternal deprivation ?
Bowlby found a correlation between prolonged separation and affectionless psychopathy rather than a causational relationship.
95
What is the evaluation for maternal deprivation?
1 research evidence used to support the theory of maternal deprivation is poor . Hilda Lewis replicated the 44 juvenile thieves study and found that early separation didn’t predict criminal behaviour. Counter evidence from Lewis has suggested that early prolonged separation didn’t predict not cause criminality.
2 however animal research has demonstrated their effects of maternal deprivation. Animal research by levy 2003 has shown that when baby rats were separated from their mothers for one day this had a permenant effect on their social development. However we cannot extrapolate findings to human so it’s ungeneralisable.
96
What are the Romanian orphan studies ?
They offer a unique insight into the world of institutionalisation. During the 1990’s Romanian was going through difficult Financial Times. The government decided to encourage families to have many babies as they believed this would boost the economy. However, families quickly realised that they could not afford to feed all of their children, therefore many were placed into children’s homes, these children’s homes were overcrowded and often poorly run . Therefore the children experienced privation as they didn’t form attachments to anyone,
97
What is the difference between privation and deprivation?
Privation is when no attachment is formed deprivation is when you have an attachment with someone and then separated for a prolonged period of time .
98
What is institutionalisation ?
The effects of living in an orphanage.
99
What are orphan studies?
The studies looking at the children that were adopted in the uk.
100
What is rutter’s era procedure ?
165 Romanian orphans adopted by families in the uk. Assessed physical , cognitive and emotional development at ages 4,6 ,11 ,15 and 22-25 . Compared against control group of 52 uk children who had also been in an institution.
101
What were Rutter’s findings ?
Arrived in the uk half of the children showed delayed intellectual development most were severely malnourished. At age 11 and 16 the adopted children showed different rates of recovery mean iq of those adopted before 6 months and 2 years was 86 after two years was 77 . Children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment attention seeking clinginess and social behaviour focused on adults they know and those they didn’t know .
102
what was zeanah and Bucharest procedure?
they assesed attachment of 95 romanian children aged 12-31months who had spent most of their lives in institutions . Compared to a group of 50 children who had never been in an institution. Their attachment was measured using the strange situation carers were also asked about their clinginess and attention seeking behaviour.
103
what is the evaluation for the Romanian orphans studies?
1 The Romanian orphanages were not typical environments they offer a unique insight into a specific time in nursery. and cannot make generalisations to other institutions or different children as they wouldn't experienced the same.
2 however the Romanian orphans have less extraneous variables this means that they wouldn't effect the results of the study and had minimal variables effecting the outcomes. for example , earlier studies looked at children who had been traumatised by the effects of war and being in institutions. Therefore this study is more likely to show us the effects of just being in institutions.
3 long term effects are not clear because the orphans are still relatively young we will need to monitor these children for years to come to see whether there are long lasting effects.
103
what were zeanah and Bucharest findings?
74% of control group were classed as securely attached , compared to 19% of the group who were raised in institutions . 44% of the institionalised group had signs of disinhibited attachment compared to less than 20% of the control group.
104
what did Bowlby suggest that early attachments do?
bowlby's theory of attachment suggested that early attachments have life long consequences. the internal working model is the concept involved in this process. an infant learns about a relationship from experiences . the internal working model provides a template for future relationships.
104
what is a continuity hypothesis?
a hypothesis is a prediction an idea . continuity is an idea that something will continue to influence you.
104
what was Hazan and shaver 1987 the love quiz procedure?
they analysed 620 replies to a love quiz that was posted in an american local newspaper. the quiz had three sections currrent, most important relationships , general experiences of love and attachement type they used self report as they were questionaires.
105
what was Hazen and shavers findings?
56% were securely attached
25% were insecure avoidant
19% were insecure resistant
those who reported having a secure attachment were most likely to have a good and long lasting romantic experience . the avoidant attachment types were more jealous and feared intimacy patterns of attachment behaviours are reflected in romantic relationships
106
what was hazan and shavers evalaution?
the used a volunteer sample this is a weakness as you get a certain type of person who volunteers . because it was a self report they can give socially desireable answers . it was retrospective meaning the data focuses on the past not on how its effecting them currently. it was carried out in america therefore culturally biased as it is an individualist culture and not all cultures behave the same.
106
what is the further evidence for hazer and shavers study?
childhood friendships- securely attached babies tend to go on to form the best quality childhood friends whereas insecurely attached babes have friendships difficulties insecure avoidants were more likely to be bullied and insecure resistant were most likely to be the bullies.
poor parenting- people tend to base their parenting style on the way they were parented. so attachment type s tend to be passed on through generations bailey 2007 found evidence to support this
romantic relationships- securely attached babies had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships adults classed as insecure avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships , adults classed as insecure resistant struggled mainting friendships
107
what is the evaluation for the further evidence on effects of relationships evaluation?
the evidence is mixed evidence from becker-stroll 2008 seems to show that there is no continuity between childhood attachment type and adult attachment style .
2 the evidence shows that there is a correlation between there is no evidence that there is a cause and effect relationships. it could be that poor adult relationshipd make you remember information from childhood differently
It’s also deterministic
