remembering brain

Question 1

function-structure relationship

Answer 1

relationship between brain region and function = NOT 1 to 1

single function = many brain structures
brain structure = many functions

Question 2

declarative memory brain region

Answer 2

medial temporal lobe

Question 3

procedural memory brain area

Answer 3

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 4

perceptual representation system brain area

Answer 4

perceptual and association neocortex

Question 5

classical condition brain area

Answer 5

cerebellum

Question 6

non-associative learning brain area

Answer 6

reflex pathways

Question 7

episodic memory

Answer 7

mental time travel
create links between unrelated info to make an episode
time and place

Question 8

episodic memory is the result of

Answer 8

associative learning

context of memory are associated and bound together

Question 9

autobiographical memory contains

Answer 9

episodic and semantic memory

Question 10

MTL areas

Answer 10

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
- entorhinal cortex
- perihinal cortex
- parahippocampal cortex

Question 11

hippocampus subdivided into

Answer 11

dendate gyrus
subiculum 
cornu ammonis (CA)
- CA1 +3 = largest and studied more
- CA2+4 = smaller

Question 12

info flow in MTL

Answer 12

sensory info converges in perihinal and parahippocampal cortex
> entorhinal cortex > hippocampus > entorhinal cortex + cortical areas of MTL

LOOP
info processed in all areas

Question 13

extended MTL

Answer 13

thalamus and prefrontal cortex

Question 14

HM deficit

Answer 14

couldn’t form new memories (anterograde amnesia)
couldn’t remember 2 years prior to surgery (retrograde amnesia)

deficit moving STM to LTM - bad at digit span test

Question 15

HM could…

Answer 15

remember number if engaged WM and repeated it - good STM

improve at star tracing - intact implicit LTM

Question 16

anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

deficit in learning new info

most common

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

deficit in remember events before brain injury

Question 18

both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

global amnesia

Question 19

subsequent memory paradigm

Answer 19

evaluate how encoding leads to successful or unsuccessful memory formation
- record neural responses during encoding and recognition

Question 20

Wagner et al (1998) brain region predictive of later remembered vs forgotten items

Answer 20

left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

left medial temporal lobe

Question 21

types of recognition memory

Answer 21

familiarity

recollection

Question 22

familiarity

Answer 22

asked if object is old or new

no context

Question 23

recollection

Answer 23

can classify object as old by recollecting additional info about context or other associative info

Question 24

MTL in recognition memory - Eichenbaum et al

Answer 24

perihinal cortex = processes item representation = familiarity
parahippocampal cortex = processes context (scene perception)
hippocampus = binds items to context via entorhinal cortex = recollection

Question 25

Ranganath et al (2004) - recognition judgement and memory sourced decision in familarity and recollection

Answer 25

familiarity = high recognition judgement (there at encoding?), low memory sourced decision (which Q encoded with?) recollection = high memory sourced decision found activity in corresponding areas familiarity - perihinal cortex recollection - parahippocampal/hippocampus

Question 26

brain area supporting recollection of objects

Answer 26

hippocampus

Question 27

MTL regions supporting familiarity | objects, faces, scenes

Answer 27

perihinal cortex - objects entorhinal cortex - objects and faces parahippocampus - faces and scenes amygdala - faces

Question 28

alzheimer's disease rehabilitation

Answer 28

focus on familiarity entorhinal cortex and hippocapus damage first - difficulty with recall and spatial memory

Question 29

2 types of consolidation

Answer 29

synaptic | system

Question 30

synaptic consolidation

Answer 30

faster - hours-days structural changes in synaptic connections learning of new info = more likely to have an AP going from one neuron to next

Question 31

system consolidation

Answer 31

slower | denotes gradual shift from hippocampus to neocortical regions

Question 32

2 theories of memory consolidation

Answer 32

- standard consolidation theory | - multiple trace theory

Question 33

standard consolidation theory

Answer 33

hippocampus = temporary role in storing remote memories - binds elements of an episode reactivation of hippocampal memory - every time memory retrieved strengthens connection between hippocampus and neocortex and connections within neocortex - eventually becomes independent of hippocampus

Question 34

Nestor et al (2002) demonstrating standard consolidation theory - SD and AD

Answer 34

``` SD = damage in neocortical AD = damage in hippocampal ``` ``` AD = recent memory impaired - relies on hippocampus SD = distant memory impaired - relies on neocortex ```

Question 35

evidence from amnesia - standard consolidation theory

Answer 35

``` anterograde = no new memories as hippocampus damaged retrograde = older memories - neocortex (not affected) - recent memories - hippocampus - not consolidated (affected) ```

Question 36

multiple trace theory

Answer 36

Nadel and Moscovitch (1997, 1998) hippocampus never stops having an important role older memories become more semantic like - transforming not transferring (no episodic detail) - so following hippocampal damage - can be recalled without episodic detail

Question 37

Ribot's law

Answer 37

memory loss has a temporal gradient more recent memories more likely to be lost than distant memories in line with consolidation - distant memories undergone consolidation HM and PZ show this

Question 38

multiple trace theory explanation of temporal gradient

Answer 38

older memories reactived more times - causes new traces in hippocampus, MTL + neocortex extent of damage isnt global so more likely to be preserved as more connections

Question 39

evidence for multiple trace theory - fMRI pictures of personal experinces

Answer 39

Hippocampus was activated for remote and recent memories | degree of hippocampal activation was proportional to vividness of memory

Question 40

spatial memory

Answer 40

hippocampus food-storing birds = bigger hippocampus london taxi drivers = bigger hippocampus rats with no hippocampus = cant do water-maze to find platform

Question 41

spatial memory cells

Answer 41

place cells - hippocampus grid cells - entorhinal cortex boundary cells - entorhinal cortex