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year 2 misc > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is PTH most likely to act

A

PCT as this is where the most renal phosphate reabsorption takes place

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2
Q

What are the 5Ps of tubulonephritis

A

Pain: Nsaids
Penicillin: antibiotics and associated rash
CycloPhoshamide
Pee: thiazide diuretics
PPI: omeprazole
RifamPicin

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3
Q

Definition of dialysis

A

Diffusion of particles across a semi-permeable membrane

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4
Q

What does dialyse provide

A

serum bicarbonate

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5
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis

A

Catheter sits in abdominal cavity and dialycate pumped into abdomen and solutes diffuse into peritoneal cavity and fluid emptied and new fluid inserted

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6
Q

What is hemodilaysis

A

Blood pumped into tube with smaller tubes bathed in dialycate which gets rid of the substances and puts it back into body

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7
Q

What pressure is used in hemodialysis

A

hydrostatic

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8
Q

What pressure is used in peritoneal dialysis

A

osmotic to pull fluid across peritoneal membrane

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9
Q

What toxins are removed through dialysis

A

Urea and creatinine
Potassium
Sodium

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10
Q

Where is the bladders lymphatic drainage to

A

External and internal illiac nodes

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11
Q

When does post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis present

A

7-14 days afrer infection typically URTI

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12
Q

Which nerves for the bladder receive parasymp innervation from

A

Pelvic Splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

Which nerves do the bladder receive symp innervation from

A

hypogastric plexus

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14
Q

What are the superior and inferior vesical arteries a branch of

A

Internal illiac

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15
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia

A

Rehydration, bisphosphonates

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16
Q

Why does alcohol cause polyuria

A

Alcohol leads to ADH suppression in posterior pituitary so polyuria

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17
Q

What are the key features of nephrotic syndrome

A

Oedema, proteinuria, hypercholestermia, hypoalbuminia

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18
Q

What does nephrotic syndrome lead to

A

Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia

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19
Q

Kidney transplantation rejection is what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 2

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20
Q

What does tall tented t waves suggest

A

Hyperkalemia

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21
Q

What is the histopathological sign of goodpastures

A

cresent formation

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22
Q

What is the definitive management of minimal change glorerulonephritis: nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

12 weeks course of pred

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23
Q

What would GPA show on histology

A

Investigation with renal biopsy will show epithelial crescents in Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

What are red cell cast seen in

A

Nephritic syndrome

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25
What are brown cell casts seen in
Acute tubular necrosis
26
What is minimal change disease
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Shortening of podocyte processes cannot be seen on light microscopy
27
What drugs classically cause acute interstitial nephritis
PPIs eg omeprazole
28
What chromosome abnormality is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease found on
Chromosome 16
29
What is the trigone of the bladder formed of
two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice
30
Spiralactone is a ___ anatogonist
Aldosterone
31
Which diuretic can be used for renal stones
Bendroflumethiazide as it causes calcium excretion
32
What drugs should be stopped in AKI
NSAIDS, aminoglycaside antibiotics (gent), ACEi, ARBs, diuretics
33
What do horseshoe kidneys become trapped under in their ascent
Inferior mesenteric artery so remain low in abdomen
34
What can myeloma lead to
AKI
35
What is myeloma
Cancer of plasma cells (B lymphocytes) so excessive clonal production of immunoglobulins these can accumulate in bone marrow or soft tissue. impairment of production of normal blood cells leads to anaemia.
36
In relation to what rib do the kidneys lie
11th rib -> beware of pneumothorax during nephrectomy
37
What structures does the right kidney make direct contact with
Right suprarenal gland Duodenum Colon
38
What does the left kidney make direct contact with
Left suprarenal gland Pancreas Colon
39
What is posterior to the right kidney
Quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis
40
What is Anterior to the right kidney
Hepatic flexure of colon
41
What is superior to the right kidney
Liver, adrenal gland
42
What is posterior to the left kidney
Quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis
43
What is anterior to the left kidney
Stomach, pancreatic tail
44
What is superior to the left kidney
Spleen, adrenal gland
45
goodpastures is what sensitivity
Type 2
46
At what level does the renal artery branch of the abdominal aorta
L2
47
Congo red stain showing apple green birefringence under polarised light is
Amyloidosis
48
What is amyloidosis
Disorder of extracellular deposits of misfolded protein.
49
What lobe is usually enlarged in BPH
Median lobe sometimes lateral
50
what is the mode of inheritance of alports
Xlinked dominant
51
What is eGPA associated with
P-ANCA
52
What is the classic presentation of acute interstitial nephritis
non-oliguric acute renal failure associated with the hypersensitivity triad (rash, raised eoisinophillia, fever) and nephrotic syndrome induced by drug therapy eg NSAIDs
53
What medication can cause an isolated rise in creatinine
Trimepothrin
54
What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
Smoking, obesity, hypertension
55
What secretes AFP
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumours: embryonal carcinomas, yolk sac tumour or teratoma
56
What do seminomas secrete
Lactate dehyrogenase
57
First line pharmocotherapy for urge incontinence
Anti-muscarinics eg oxybutynin
58
What is the diagnostic test for a STI
Nucleic acid amplification test
59
What organism causes peritoneal dialysis peritonitis
Staph epi
60
First line treatment for priapism
Aspiration and irrigation with saline,
61
Link between nephrotic syndrome and DVT
Nephrotic syndrome leads to loss of proteins in the urine and anticoagulants such as prothrombin 3 leading to hypercoagulability
62
What renal stones are often genetic
Cystine- autosomal recessive pattern
63
Treatment for minimal change disease
12 weeks of prednisolone
64
What is the most common cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
HIV Glomerulosclerosis leads to mesangial collapse and sclerosis of the basement membrane
65
What is a common electrolyte abnormality in CKD
Hyperklaemia- Acidosis increases the plasma potassium concentration by inducing a net shift of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment in exchange for hydrogen.
66
Where is the lymphatic drainage from the scrotum and distal anus
Superficial inguinal
67
What structures drain into the internal illiac lymph nodes
Prostate, corpus cavernosum, bladder and rectum (above dentate line)
68
What drains into the external illiac
Superior bladder
69
What drains into the inguinal lymph nodes
Glans penis and anterior urethra
70
What type of testicular cancer is common in those with undescended testes
Seminoma
71
What do seminomas secrete
LDH
72
What should you think in a left sided varicocele
Renal cancer- due to venous congestion of the left testicle.
73
First line treatment in testicular cancer
Radial Orchidectomy
74
What is treatment for suspected epidymorchitis
intramuscular ceftriaxone (single dose) Doxycycline Ofloxacin
75
Criteria for CKD
<60ml/min GFR +-symptoms for three months or more
76
Side effect of thiazide diuretic
Hypokalemia
77
What can be used in recurrent renal calculi
Thiazide diuretics as increases calcium reabsorption

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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