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year 2 misc > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) and bowman’s capsule

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2
Q

What feeds the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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3
Q

What drains the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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4
Q

What can pass through the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Positively charged molecules eg Sodium

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5
Q

What is the histology of the glomerules?

A

Fenestrated endothelial capillaries

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6
Q

What are the two layers of the Bowmans Capsule

A

Visceral Layer (podocytes)
Parietal layer

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7
Q

What connects the podocytes

A

Nephrin

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8
Q

What do mesangial cells do

A

Phagocytosis any molecules stuck in slit diaphragm

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8
Q

What do mesangial cells do

A

Phagocytosis any molecules stuck in slit diaphragm

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9
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

Baroreceptors that sense change in blood pressure and secrete renin in response

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10
Q

What is the glomelular filtration rate?

A

The amount of plasma volume being filtered by the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule per minute

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11
Q

What is the sum of the net filtration pressure

A

Pressures forcing in - pressures forcing out

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12
Q

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure pushing the plasma components out of the capillary and into bowmans space

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13
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure

A

Exerted by albumin to keep the plasma in the blood

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14
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

Backpressure built up by bowmans capsule

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15
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

Moving substances from the blood into the PCT

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16
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

Moving substances from the PCT into the blood

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17
Q

What kind of transport is the sodium glucose transporter?

A

Secondary active transport

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18
Q

What is 100% reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the blood

A

Glucose
Amino Acids
Lactate

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19
Q

What is an antiporter

A

Transporter that moves two molecules in two different directions

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20
Q

What junctions are in the PCT

A

Tight junctions

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21
Q

what is paracellular transport

A

When substances move between cells eg Cl, Ca, Mg, K

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22
Q

What are the two components of the Loop of Henle

A

Descending and ascending limb

23
Q

What happens to osmolarity as you go down the loop of henle

A

It gets larger so hypertonic

24
Q

What does the Na/K/Cl transporter do

A

Transport these substances from the lumen of the filtrate to the tubule cell of the ascending limb

25
Q

Why does osmolarity increase going down the loop of henle

A

Na/K/Cl transporter in the ascending limb pushing out these molecules to make it saltier and water follows

26
Q

What are aqua porin 1 channels

A

Channels that are always open in the descending limb of the loop of henle allowing water to exit to follow salt in the interstitium

27
Q

What is the counter current multiplier mechanism

A

As the ascending limb gets rid of salt this creates a gradient for water to follow too

28
Q

What is the ascending limb impermeable to

A

Water

29
Q

What is the descending limb impermeable to

A

Salt

30
Q

At the end of the descending limb what is the solution

A

Hypertonic

31
Q

What is the purpose of the counter current exchanger?

A

To prevent the rapid removal of NaCl from the medullary interstitium to maintain a gradient. This enables the kidney to produce different concentrations of urine depending on how much circulating ADH is present.

32
Q

What happens in the early distal tubule

A

5% out 10% of the remaining sodium is pumped out via the sodium and chloride symporter and reabsorbed

33
Q

What happens when you have low blood calcium

A

Parathyroid gland secretes PTH to eventually produce protein kinase A and phosphorylates calcium channel to reabsorb calcium to filtrate in early DCT

34
Q

What causes aldosterone to be produced?

A

Hyperkalemia/ hyponatremia and angiotensin II

35
Q

Where does ADH act

A

DCT

36
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium ion secretion

37
Q

Where is urea excreted

A

collecting duct and reabsorbed by ascending limb

38
Q

What do type A intercalated cells do

A

Actively secrete H into lumen and reabsorb bicarb against conc gradient allowing for H secretion in response to acidosis, then combine with phosphate or ammonia to prevent reabsorption

39
Q

What do type B intercalated B cells do

A

Secrete HCO3 and reabsorb H in response to alkolosis

40
Q

What is the affect of NSAIDs on the kidney

A

NSAIDs inhibit Cox 1 and Cox 2 needed for prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins cause dilatation of renal afferent arteriole to maintain GFR without this there is there is vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and subsequent decrease in GFR.

41
Q

Where are macula densa cells found and what is their action

A

Final part of ascending loop of henle and sense changes in NaCl conc.
An increase in blood pressure increases the GFR, which increases the sodium chloride delivery to the nephron and is detected by the macula densa. In return, the macula densa cells release ATP and adenosine which act locally on the afferent arteriole to constrict it and lower GFR

The macula densa cells can also release nitric oxide which acts as a vasodilator when low sodium chloride levels are detected.

They also have the ability to increase renin production from the juxtaglomerular cells when this occurs.

42
Q

Where does furosemide work

A

Thick ascending loop of henle on the Na+/K+ 2Cl - carrier

43
Q

By what transport method does sodium move out of the ascending loop of henle?

A

Active transport

44
Q

What can excess aldosterone secretion lead to

A

Greater H excretion from alpha cells of the collecting duct and results in alkalosis

45
Q

What effect would low bp have on the efferent arteriole

A

Would constrict to increase hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus and maintain pressure

46
Q

What do principal cells do

A

Found in the collecting ducts
Respond to levels of ADH in from posterior pituitary to control urine conc and plasma osmolarity
Respond to aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption and increase potassium and hydrogen secretion

47
Q

What does prostaglandins cause

A

Constriction of afferent arteriole

48
Q

Which layer of the glomerular filtration membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule filters by negative charge?

A

The basement membrane

49
Q

Describe the histology + function of the PCT

A
  • Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli
  • Absorption of water, sodium ions, chloride ions, glucose, amino acids (~65%). Secretion of certain drugs and waste products.
50
Q

Describe the histology + function of the thin descending limb

A

-Simple squamous
- Only permeable to water. No active secretion or reabsorption of molecules.

51
Q

Describe the histology + function of the thin ascending limb

A
  • Simple squamous
    -Impermeable to water. No active secretion or reabsorption of molecules.
52
Q

Describe the histology + function of the thick ascending limb

A
  • Simple cuboidal cells
  • Impermeable to water. Active reabsorption of solutes, in particular sodium ions.
53
Q

Describe the histology + function of the DCT

A
  • Simple cuboidal cell
  • Secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Active reabsorption of sodium ions and other solutes. Water permeability is variable depending on ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone).
54
Q

Where do aquaporin 2 channels insert

A

Onto the luminal membrane of collecting ducts (between tubular lumen and collecting duct cells)

55
Q

Which part of the nephron is responsible for excess dietary excretion of potassium

A

Principal cells of the late distal tubules and collecting duct

56
Q

What is the largest fluid compartment in the body

A

Intracellular

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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