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year 2 misc > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) and bowman’s capsule

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2
Q

What feeds the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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3
Q

What drains the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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4
Q

What can pass through the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Positively charged molecules eg Sodium

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5
Q

What is the histology of the glomerules?

A

Fenestrated endothelial capillaries

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6
Q

What are the two layers of the Bowmans Capsule

A

Visceral Layer (podocytes)
Parietal layer

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7
Q

What connects the podocytes

A

Nephrin

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8
Q

What do mesangial cells do

A

Phagocytosis any molecules stuck in slit diaphragm

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8
Q

What do mesangial cells do

A

Phagocytosis any molecules stuck in slit diaphragm

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9
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

Baroreceptors that sense change in blood pressure and secrete renin in response

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10
Q

What is the glomelular filtration rate?

A

The amount of plasma volume being filtered by the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule per minute

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11
Q

What is the sum of the net filtration pressure

A

Pressures forcing in - pressures forcing out

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12
Q

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure pushing the plasma components out of the capillary and into bowmans space

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13
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure

A

Exerted by albumin to keep the plasma in the blood

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14
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

Backpressure built up by bowmans capsule

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15
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

Moving substances from the blood into the PCT

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16
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

Moving substances from the PCT into the blood

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17
Q

What kind of transport is the sodium glucose transporter?

A

Secondary active transport

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18
Q

What is 100% reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the blood

A

Glucose
Amino Acids
Lactate

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19
Q

What is an antiporter

A

Transporter that moves two molecules in two different directions

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20
Q

What junctions are in the PCT

A

Tight junctions

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21
Q

what is paracellular transport

A

When substances move between cells eg Cl, Ca, Mg, K

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22
Q

What are the two components of the Loop of Henle

Study These Flashcards
A

Descending and ascending limb

23
Q

What happens to osmolarity as you go down the loop of henle

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A

It gets larger so hypertonic

24
What does the Na/K/Cl transporter do
Transport these substances from the lumen of the filtrate to the tubule cell of the ascending limb
25
Why does osmolarity increase going down the loop of henle
Na/K/Cl transporter in the ascending limb pushing out these molecules to make it saltier and water follows
26
What are aqua porin 1 channels
Channels that are always open in the descending limb of the loop of henle allowing water to exit to follow salt in the interstitium
27
What is the counter current multiplier mechanism
As the ascending limb gets rid of salt this creates a gradient for water to follow too
28
What is the ascending limb impermeable to
Water
29
What is the descending limb impermeable to
Salt
30
At the end of the descending limb what is the solution
Hypertonic
31
What is the purpose of the counter current exchanger?
To prevent the rapid removal of NaCl from the medullary interstitium to maintain a gradient. This enables the kidney to produce different concentrations of urine depending on how much circulating ADH is present.
32
What happens in the early distal tubule
5% out 10% of the remaining sodium is pumped out via the sodium and chloride symporter and reabsorbed
33
What happens when you have low blood calcium
Parathyroid gland secretes PTH to eventually produce protein kinase A and phosphorylates calcium channel to reabsorb calcium to filtrate in early DCT
34
What causes aldosterone to be produced?
Hyperkalemia/ hyponatremia and angiotensin II
35
Where does ADH act
DCT
36
What does aldosterone do
Increased sodium reabsorption and potassium ion secretion
37
Where is urea excreted
collecting duct and reabsorbed by ascending limb
38
What do type A intercalated cells do
Actively secrete H into lumen and reabsorb bicarb against conc gradient allowing for H secretion in response to acidosis, then combine with phosphate or ammonia to prevent reabsorption
39
What do type B intercalated B cells do
Secrete HCO3 and reabsorb H in response to alkolosis
40
What is the affect of NSAIDs on the kidney
NSAIDs inhibit Cox 1 and Cox 2 needed for prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins cause dilatation of renal afferent arteriole to maintain GFR without this there is there is vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and subsequent decrease in GFR.
41
Where are macula densa cells found and what is their action
Final part of ascending loop of henle and sense changes in NaCl conc. An increase in blood pressure increases the GFR, which increases the sodium chloride delivery to the nephron and is detected by the macula densa. In return, the macula densa cells release ATP and adenosine which act locally on the afferent arteriole to constrict it and lower GFR The macula densa cells can also release nitric oxide which acts as a vasodilator when low sodium chloride levels are detected. They also have the ability to increase renin production from the juxtaglomerular cells when this occurs.
42
Where does furosemide work
Thick ascending loop of henle on the Na+/K+ 2Cl - carrier
43
By what transport method does sodium move out of the ascending loop of henle?
Active transport
44
What can excess aldosterone secretion lead to
Greater H excretion from alpha cells of the collecting duct and results in alkalosis
45
What effect would low bp have on the efferent arteriole
Would constrict to increase hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus and maintain pressure
46
What do principal cells do
Found in the collecting ducts Respond to levels of ADH in from posterior pituitary to control urine conc and plasma osmolarity Respond to aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption and increase potassium and hydrogen secretion
47
What does prostaglandins cause
Constriction of afferent arteriole
48
Which layer of the glomerular filtration membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule filters by negative charge?
The basement membrane
49
Describe the histology + function of the PCT
- Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli - Absorption of water, sodium ions, chloride ions, glucose, amino acids (~65%). Secretion of certain drugs and waste products.
50
Describe the histology + function of the thin descending limb
-Simple squamous - Only permeable to water. No active secretion or reabsorption of molecules.
51
Describe the histology + function of the thin ascending limb
- Simple squamous -Impermeable to water. No active secretion or reabsorption of molecules.
52
Describe the histology + function of the thick ascending limb
- Simple cuboidal cells - Impermeable to water. Active reabsorption of solutes, in particular sodium ions.
53
Describe the histology + function of the DCT
- Simple cuboidal cell - Secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Active reabsorption of sodium ions and other solutes. Water permeability is variable depending on ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone).
54
Where do aquaporin 2 channels insert
Onto the luminal membrane of collecting ducts (between tubular lumen and collecting duct cells)
55
Which part of the nephron is responsible for excess dietary excretion of potassium
Principal cells of the late distal tubules and collecting duct
56
What is the largest fluid compartment in the body
Intracellular

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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