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Year 2 extra > Renal extra > Flashcards

Renal extra Flashcards

1
Q

What sorts of changes does light microscopy show?

A
  • hypercellularity
  • sclerosis
  • crescents
  • vasculitis
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2
Q

What information does immunofluorescence give about antibodies?

A
  • Ig type
  • site
  • linear or granular
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3
Q

What information about immune complexes does electron microscopy give?

A

Site of deposition

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4
Q

What happens to the mesangial matrix and basement membrane in diabetic nephropathy?

A

Thickening and expansion

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5
Q

Name some prostate carcinomas

A

Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma (most common)

Prostatic ductal carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

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6
Q

When is PSA useful?

A

Post operative monitoring

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7
Q

When is an infection complicated?

A

Sepsis
Structural abnormalities

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8
Q

What is a common cause of sepsis?

A

Pseudomonas

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9
Q

Who should you never dipstick in?

A

Elderly
Catheters

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10
Q

Which antibiotics are pregnancy safe but have a risk of C. diff?

A

Cefalexin and coamoxiclav

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11
Q

Why should asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated in pregnancy?

A

pylonephritis and growth retardation risks

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12
Q

_________ treats no gram -ves.

_________ treats some gram -ves.

_________ treats some more gram -ves.

A

mcillin
penicillin
acillin

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13
Q

Where does vasopressin act and what does it do?

A

distal convoluted tubule

Increases water and urea reabsorption

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14
Q

Heparan sulfate blocks plasma proteins by __________

A

negative repulsion.

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15
Q

How is hydrogen secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Hydrogen ATPase

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16
Q

Fluid in the ____________ convoluted tubule is iso-osmotic.

A

proximal

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17
Q

Where is most sodium reabsorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Tubular fluid is concentrated at the bottom/top.

A

bottom

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19
Q

What do thiazides do?

A

Vasodilate

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20
Q

PAH measures renal _____ flow.

A

plasma

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21
Q

What do thiazide and loop diuretics do to pH?

A

alkalosis

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22
Q

ADH inserts of Aquaporin _ channels onto the ________ membrane

A

2
luminal

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23
Q

Low bp and ANP cause ______________ of the afferent arteriole and ______________ of the efferent arteriole.

A

vasodilation

vasoconstriction

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24
Q

Angiotensin II causes ______________ of the afferent arteriole and ______________ of the efferent arteriole. GFR ________.

A

vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction

increases

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25
Q

What type of receptor does aldosterone have?

A

Nuclear
mineralocorticoid

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26
Q

________ is reabsorbed at the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

A

Nothing

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27
Q

Where is the micturation centre (under conscious control)?

A

Pons

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28
Q

GNRH affects

A

PSA

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29
Q

What does renal colic show in urine?

A

Hematuria

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29
Q

In stage x kidney disease the rise in creatinine is…

A

more than x times.

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29
Q

What is the first line investigation for testicular cancer?

A

USS

NEVER BIOPSY

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30
Q

What test is done for sterile pyuria?

A

3 morning urine samples

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31
Q

The thin loop of Henle has which epithelium?

A

Simple sauamous

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32
Q

What innervates the urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

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33
Q

pH of the _CF causes kidney regulation.

A

E

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34
Q

What triggers digoxin toxicity?

A

Hypokalemia

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35
Q

SGLT is on the __________ membrane and GLUT is on the __________ membrane.

A

apical

basolateral

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36
Q

Hydraulic conductivity

A

permeability

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37
Q

What do a-intercalated cells do?

A

Secrete H+

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38
Q

What do b-intercalated cells do?

A

Excrete K+

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39
Q

How does alkalosis affect K

A

Hypokalemia

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40
Q

What is HK ATPase

A

Antiporter in the distal convoluted tubule

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41
Q

Is ADH more sensitive to low bp or high osmolarity?

A

High osmolarity

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42
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Anticholinergic

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43
Q

What causes variocele?

A

Renal cancer

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44
Q

What is CT done for?

A

Calculi

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45
Q

Which drugs cause intersitial nephritis?

A

5P’s
- pee (diuretics)
- pain (NSAIDs)
- penicillins (and cephalosporins)
- PPIs
- rifamPin

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46
Q

Painless hematuria

A

Bladder cancer

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47
Q

List some things assosciated with PKD

A

intracranial aneurysms
valvular regurgitation
diverticular disease

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48
Q

What does a raised fractional excretion of sodium usually indicate?

A

acute tubular necrosis

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49
Q

When is dextrose used

A

Severe hypoglycemia

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50
Q

When are Ferrous sulphate tablets used

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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51
Q

AVN usually affects ________ and is caused by ________.

A

bilaterally

steroids

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52
Q

Which infection is assosciated with membranous nephropathy?

A

Hep B

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52
Q

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is performed when stones are…

A

> 2cm.

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53
Q

Ureteroscopy is performed when stones are…

A

in pregnant women.

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54
Q

Stents are inserted when stones are…

A

causing Hydronephrosis.

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55
Q

Describe Retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

Inflammation
Hypertension
Obstruction
Pain

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56
Q

____ cancers are common after transplants.

A

Skin

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57
Q

Which drug generates a high osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium of the kidney?

A

Furosemide

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58
Q

What is the effect of a long lie on kidney function.

A

Rhabdomyolysis causes acute tubular necrosis

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59
Q

Wow does Epididymo-orchitis present?

A

Gradual unilateral erythema

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59
Q

__% of patients with ADPKD have brain aneurysms.

A

10

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60
Q

Foreskin is replaced/retracted in phimosis and replaced/retracted in paraphimosis.

A

replaced

retracted

61
Q

Can BPH impair renal function?

A

Yes

62
Q

Which type of dialysis requires some renal function?

A

Peritoneal

63
Q

What causes terminal painful hematuria?

A

Bladder calculi

63
Q

Renal tubular acidosis types

A

🦠🦴🧿🍌

64
Q

Renal failure _____kalemia

A

hyper

64
Q

When are urine osmolarities helpful?

A

Post obstructive diuresis

65
Q

Colic investigation

A

CT KUB (non contrast)

66
Q

muddy brown casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis

67
Q

IgA nephropathy is seen 2 ______ after infection and post streptococcal glomelulonephritis is seen after 2 ______.

A

days

weeks

68
Q

Struvite

A

Staghorn

69
Q

What presents like cancer but sith high leukocytes?

A

TB

70
Q

Is weight relevant to creatinine calculation?

A

Yes

71
Q

List AKI classifications by urine.

A
  1. < 0.5 for 6 h
  2. < 0.5 for 12 hours
  3. < 0.3 for 24 hours
72
Q

PPI side effects

A

fever
rash
eosinophilia
glomelulonephritis

73
Q

Renal stones most commonly comprise of…

A

Calcium oxalate.

74
Q

Chronic graft rejection is when a transplant fails after > _ months.

A

6

75
Q

Surgery increases the risk of a _________ AKI.

A

prerenal

76
Q

What is the first line investigation for prostate cancer?

A

MRI

77
Q

epididymo-orchitis Treatment

A

🚴🏾‍♂️

78
Q

Prostate carcinoma removal

A

🤖

79
Q

Name some testicular tumour markers

A

AFP
hBCG
LDH

80
Q

When is Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) used?

A

Stone won’t pass

81
Q

NSAIDS ________________ kidney function.

Metformin ________________ kidney function.

A

reduce

should be avoided in reduced

82
Q

LDH tumour

A

Seminoma

83
Q

What is raised by strep?

A

ASOT

84
Q

Dont ________ before a prostate exam.

A

exercise

85
Q

What does ApoCII deficiency raise?

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

Diarrhoea causes _____kalamia.

A

hypo

87
Q

How much of the blood to the kidney goes to the cortex?

A

Over 90%

88
Q

Oxalate nephropathy is seen in vitamin _ overdose.

A

C

89
Q

_______ casts are seen in fevers

A

Hyaline

90
Q

What is mobolised is adrenalectomy?

A

Colonic hepatic flexure

90
Q

Is an ectopic testis more commonly found in the superficial inguinal pouch or the perineum?

A

superficial inguinal pouch

91
Q

The superior adrenal artery is a branch of the inferior ________ artery.

A

phrenic

92
Q

What can cause heptatis following transplants?

A

EBV

93
Q

Most ACE is in the…

A

lungs.

93
Q

Prostate cancer is treated with GnRH…

A

agonists.

94
Q

CKD patients should have a ____ potassium diet.

A

low

95
Q

Delayed graft rejection presents…

A

early.

96
Q

Fibrates activate…

A

PPARa.

96
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney in response to…

A

cellular hypoxia.

97
Q

Nephrotic syndrome causes _____volemia.

A

Hyper

97
Q

B blockers decrease ______ secretion.

A

renin

97
Q

SWhat can bradykinin accumulation cause?

A

Dry cough

97
Q

What is Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis caused by?

A

Complement

97
Q

How do posterior urethral valves present?

A

UTIs
Hydronephrosis

97
Q

The middle adrenal artery is a branch of the…

A

aorta.

98
Q

Psoriasis increases production of what?

A

Urate

99
Q

Which diuretic can decrease risk of stones?

A

Thiazide

100
Q

Where is most water in the instestine absorbed?

A

jejunum

101
Q

kidney hilum front to back

A

vein
artery
ureter

102
Q

loopus

A
103
Q

What does LPL receptor deficiency raise?

A

cholesterol

104
Q

Which IV fluid is electrolyte rich?

A

Hartman’s

105
Q

What is second line to atorvastatin?

A

Ezetimibe

106
Q

The bladder receives sympathetic innervation from the superior and inferior ________ plexuses.

A

hypogastric

107
Q

What can prevent contrast nephropathy?

A

Hydration

108
Q

Internal iliac artery branches

A

VUVMR

109
Q

Most water is absorbed in the ________ tubule.

A

proximal

110
Q

Adrenal veins drain directly into the…

A

IVC.

111
Q

∿∿∿∿∿∿∿

A

🍌🍌🍌🍌🍌🍌

112
Q

What is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

Ecoli

113
Q

Burns, hemolysis and tubular acidosis cause _____kalemia.

A

hypo

114
Q

Leydig tumours can cause…

A

gyenocamastia.

114
Q

What causes sterile pyuria?

A

Chlamydia

114
Q

Can hydrocele mean cancer?

A

Yes

115
Q

GNRH agaonist

A

🦢

116
Q

Goodpastures is a type _ hypersensitivity reaction.

A

2

116
Q

What happens to the basement membrane in diabetes?

A

Glycolysatiom

117
Q

Heparin can cause hyper…

A

kalemia.

118
Q

Sertraline

A

Hyponatremia

118
Q

Which antibodies are present in membranous GN?

A

anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies

119
Q

Sheehans syndrome

A

Post partum pituitary bleed

120
Q

How does amyloidosis present?

A

nephrotic syndrome
heart failure
peripheral neuropathy

121
Q

How us hypercalcemia treated

A

Fluids
Loop diuretics
Calcitonin
Bisphosphonates

122
Q

In biliary disease ALP is ___________ and AST is ____________.

A

very high

slightly high

123
Q

Aromatase converts testosterone to…

A

oestrogen.

124
Q

What is the equation for the anion gap?

A

Na + K - HCO3 - Cl

125
Q

What colour are transitional cell carcinomas?

A

Pink

126
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis has a _______ anion gap.

A

raised

127
Q

Bladder cancer test

A

MRI

128
Q

What causes renal apoptosis?

A

Gentamicin

129
Q

Which testicular tumour has lymphocytes?

A

Seminoma

130
Q

Hematocrit is high in dehydration. T/F

A

True

131
Q

amikacin

A

bad

132
Q

What does polycythemia secrete?

A

Erythropoietin

133
Q

Bicalutamide is an _________ recept blocker.

A

androgen

134
Q

What increases blood during pregnancy?

A

RAAS

135
Q

Minimal change disease has normal _______ microscopy and abnormal _______ microscopy.

A

light

electron

135
Q

What fraction of men with high PSA have prostate cancer?

A

1/3

136
Q

Calcium resonium prevents _______ absorption of potassium.

A

enteral

137
Q

Refeeding causes ____ electrolytes.

A

low

137
Q

NSAIDs vaso______ the afferent arteriole.

A

constrict

137
Q

When is terlipressin used?

A

Oesophageal varices

138
Q

Neonatal hypoglycaemia increases risk of which tumour?

A

Wilms

Year 2 extra (6 decks)

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