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MEDSCI142 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of kidneys

A

To filter blood

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2
Q

Protective layers of kidney

A

Renal fasia, adipose capsule, renal capsule

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3
Q

What is in a lobe

A

One medullary pyramid, 2 halves of renal columns, and remaining cortex

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4
Q

Where are the papillary ducts and what as their function

A

Inner end of medullary pyramid. Drains urine into calyx

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5
Q

Location/function of maj/min calyces

A

Minor first, then major, drain urine from nephrons

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6
Q

Where can a nephron be found

A

Extending from cortex to medulla and back

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7
Q

Subsection of a lobe

A

lobules

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8
Q

Av amount of lobes in human kidney

A

8-12

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9
Q

Renal artery

A

Supplies

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10
Q

Renal vein

A

Drains

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11
Q

Visceral glomerus cells

A

Podocytes

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12
Q

What is inbetween visceral and parietal cells

A

Urinary space

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13
Q

Difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubule

A

Proximal takes urine from glomerus, distal provides feedback

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14
Q

Filtration layers between endothelial cells and poocytes

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium
  2. Basal laminar
  3. Split membrane
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15
Q

Fenestrated endothelium blocks

A

RBCs

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16
Q

Basal laminar blocks

A

RBCs & Large proteins

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17
Q

Split membrane blocks

A

RBCs & Large & Medium proteins

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18
Q

What makes it through podocyte/endothelium barrier to urinary space

A

Small proteins

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19
Q

Renal blood pathway

A

Renal artery - segmental arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - cortical radiate arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries - cortical radiate veins - arcuate veins - interlobar veins - renal veins

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20
Q

Formulae and units of osmolarity

A

Osmolarity = molarity x dissociation factor (mOsm/L)

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21
Q

150mM NaCl extracellular, 300mM urea intracellular… determine osmolarity

A

Isoosmotic

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22
Q

Hyper osmotic

A

Higher osmolarity than comparison

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23
Q

Iso osmotic

A

Same osmolarity than comparison

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24
Q

Hypo osmotic

A

Lower osmolarity than comparison

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25
Q

Outline tonicity

A

Movement of water due to osmolarity

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26
Q

70kg male fluid breakdown

A 
60% mass is fluid (42l)
2/3 intracellular (28l)
1/3 extracellular (14l)
    - 20% plasma (2.8l)
    - 80% interstitial (11.2l)
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27
Q

Excretion =

A

Filtration + secrection - reabsorption

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28
Q

Function of glomerulus

A

Filtration of small proteins out, rate of filtration

29
Q

Change in blood pressure impacts kidneys how

A

Blood flow remains the same (arterioles) urine production does change

30
Q

Constriction of glomerulus afferent arteriole

A

Increased resistance, decreased flow, decreased glomerulus pressure (less filtration)

31
Q

Constriction of glomerulus efferent arterioles

A

Afferent arteriole fine, increased prssure prior to constriction (glomerulus) therefore more filtration

32
Q

NFP=

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP

33
Q

Glomerulus filtration controlled how

A

BP and sympathetic control of arterioles, angiotensin ll vasoconstrictor, Atrial natriuretic peptide

34
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Relaxes mesangial cells, more Na+ out so more filtration

35
Q

Macula cells

A

Found in ascending loop of henle (distal convoluted tubule) communicates rate of filtration by content of Na+

36
Q

Compare juxtaglomemedullary and cortical nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons are in the cortex, juxtaglomemedullary nephrons extend from the cortex into the medullary pyramid

37
Q

Role of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Most reabsorption of water and solutes here
60% of total volume
60% of all water and Na+
100% of glucose

38
Q

Transport level of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na+/Glucose symmporter brings both in, glucose diffuses out, Na+ pumped via Na/K atpase, movement of Na+ allows osmosis of water

39
Q

Role of descending loop of henle

A

Low permeability to ions, high permeability to water
High osmolarity in interstitial space, water moves out
(300Osmol/L inside vs 1200 outside)

40
Q

Role of ascending loop of henle

A 
Impermeable to water
Cl-, K+, Na+ actively reabsorped 
Na/K atpase pumps Na+ out 
Cl- diffuses out 
Very dilute solution now
41
Q

Thin loop is _____ Thick loop is ______

A

Descending, ascending

42
Q

Association of blood vessels to loop of henle

A

Descending loop associated with veins, which remove water, ascending loop associated with artery

43
Q

Role of distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct

A

Continuation of Na+ & K+ reabsorption

44
Q

Concentration of urine at bottom of loop of henle

A

1200mOsmol/L

45
Q

ADH name and inhibitor

A

Anti-diuretic hormone, alcohol

46
Q

Function of ADH

A

Water retention

47
Q

Vassopresin

A

ADH

48
Q

Function/location of osmoreceptors

A

Found in upper hypothalamus, tell hypothalamus to release ADH through Posterior pituitary

49
Q

How does osmoreceptor activate

A

If blood pressure drops, [Na+] increases, or is osmolarity increases, the cell shrinks and causes an opening of Na+ channels to create AP to hypothalamus

50
Q

Osmolarity required for release of ADH

A

280mOsmol/L

51
Q

Osmolarity required for thirst stimulus

A

295mOsmol/L

52
Q

Where does ADH act

A

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

53
Q

Pathway of ADH from blood

A

ADH binds to cell receptor of nephron, second messenger creates aquaporin 2 water pores which fuse to apical membrane allowing water reabsorption

54
Q

Receptor input to hypothalamus

A

osmorecpetors and baroreceptors

55
Q

X change in blood pressure required for ADH release

A

decrease of 10%

56
Q

Role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system

A

salt retention

57
Q

What do juztaglomerulus cells release

A

Renin

58
Q

What causes renin release

A

Drop in afferent arteriole blood pressure, low NaCl conc, or decreased sympathetic activity

59
Q

Function of renin

A

Rate limited step in production of ATll, converts angiotensin to ATl

60
Q

Function of ATll

A

Aldosterone release
Vasoconstriction
Sodium and water reabsorption
Stimulate thirst, release ADH

61
Q

Overall function/location of aldosterone

A

Sodium retention/reabsorption, comes from cortex of adrenal glands

62
Q

How does aldosterone work

A

From adrenal cortex, transcription of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in collecting duct

63
Q

Upon haemorrhage…

A

Loss is isosmotic, so water retention and salt retention needed

64
Q

Where in nephron is water reabsorbed

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts

65
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed/how

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, glucose sodium symporter

66
Q

Where is Na reabsorbed/how

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending loop of henle, distal CT and collecting tubule, Na+/K+ ATPase and Na+/K+/Cl- symporter in ascending tubule

67
Q

Alcohol inhibits

A

ADH

68
Q

Where is Cl- reabsorbed/how

A

Ascending loop of henle, Na+/K+/Cl- symporter

MEDSCI142 (9 decks)

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