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MEDSCI142 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define/function/give examples of androgens

A

Sex hormone. Testosterone and 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone

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2
Q

Define/function/give examples of oestrogens

A

Female sex hormone. Maintenance of female characteristics and fertility. Oestradiol, Oestrone and Oestriol.

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3
Q

Define/functions of progestagens

A

Female sex hormone. Major steroidal hormone of corpus luteum and placenta.

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4
Q

Sex determination

A

Commitment of bipotential gonad to a testis or an ovary

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5
Q

Sex differentiation

A

Phenotypic development of genital structures

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6
Q

XX/XY

A

Normal female/normal male

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7
Q

SRY gene

A

Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosome

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8
Q

Mullerian duct

A

Female

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9
Q

Wolffian duct

A

Male

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10
Q

Male cellular involvement in sex differentiation

A

Sertoli cells produce anti-mullerian hormone, creating mullerian duct regression
Leydig cells produce testosterone, encouraging wolffian duct development and thus internal male genitals

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11
Q

Female hormonal involvement in sex differentiation

A

Oestrogens and progestagens encourage mullerian duct development and thus internal female genitals. Wolffian duct regression due to absence of SRY gene thus testis

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12
Q

AMH

A

Anti-mullerian hormone

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13
Q

Leydig cells

A

Testosterone

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14
Q

Wolffian duct develops into

A

Epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

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15
Q

Mullerian ducts develop into

A

Upper vagina, cervix, uterus, and uterine tubes.

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16
Q

In external genitalia, presence of androgens fuses what together?

A

Urethral folds, forming the penis

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17
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

XY but mutation in androgen receptor gene prevents androgen function, thus female external genitalia

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18
Q

First sign of puberty

A

Increase in blood plasma LH levels

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19
Q

Gonadotrophins

A

LH & FSH

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20
Q

LH

A

Luteinising hormone

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21
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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22
Q

GnRH

A

Gonaotrophin releasing hormone

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23
Q

Define secondary sexual characteristics

A

Tanner stage, outer representations of sex

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24
Q

Order of puberty signs in females

A

Breast development (oestrogen), sexual hair development (androgens), then growth spurt and menarche

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25
Q

Order of puberty signs in males

A

Testicular and penile enlargement (leydig cells enlarge and secrete testosterone), sexual hair growth, spermarche

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26
Q

Female puberty begins when

A

Weight ~47kg

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27
Q

Precocious puberty

A

7 in girls, 9 in boys, GnRH dependent problem or hypothalamic tumour

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28
Q

Delayed puberty

A

Inadequate GnRH signals

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29
Q

Menopause

A

50-52 yrs, ovaries run out of follicles

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30
Q

Stages of reproductive life in females

A

Pre-menopause, menopausal transition, peri-menopause, post-menopause, ovarian senescence

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31
Q

All female reproductive organs

A

Vagina, uterus, uterine/fallopian tubes, ovaires

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32
Q

Define anteflexion/retroflexion, and which is more common

A

Anteflexion is when uterus is faced anteriorly, retroflexion is when the uterus is faced posteriorly (less common, 20%)

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33
Q

3 functions of the vagina

A

To pass menstrual fluid, sexual intercourse, birth canal

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34
Q

Sections/parts of the uterus

A

Endo/myo/perimetrium, utrine cavity, cervix of uterus, body of uterus and fundus of uterus

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35
Q

Fundal height is useful for

A

Prediction of gestation (cm from pubic bone to fundus = weeks of gestation)

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36
Q

Divisions of the endometrium

A

Inner functional zone (stratum functionalis) which is for uterine glands.
Outer basilar zone (stratum myometrium) which is for attaching the endometrium to the myometrium

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37
Q

Sections of uterine (Fallopian) tube

A

Isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum with fimrbiae

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38
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When the fertilized embryo does not implant in the uterine wall

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39
Q

Regions of the ovary

A

Ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla and inner hilum

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40
Q

Function of outer ovarian cortex

A

contains the ovarian follicles

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41
Q

Function of the central ovarian medulla

A

consists of the ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells

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42
Q

Function of the inner hilum

A

point of entry for nerves and blood vessels

43
Q

Order the following:
Mature (Graafian follicle) follicle, corpus luteum, primary follicle, secondary follicle, corpus albicans, primordial follicle, corpus hemorrhagicum

A

Primordial, primary, secondary, mature, hemorrhagicum, luteum, albicans

44
Q

Define primordial follicle

A

Is an oocyte once surrounded by follicular/granulosa cells

45
Q

Define primary cells in females

A

pre-antral/primary follicles are slightly larger, immature primary follicles consist of one granulosa cell layer

46
Q

Zona pellucida

A

layer around oocyte of glycoproteins

47
Q

Other name for ovarian stromal cells

A

thecal cells

48
Q

What causes transition from primary follicle to secondary follicle

A

response to FSH

49
Q

Secondary follicle definition

A

Has viscous follicular fluid

50
Q

Corona radiata definition and what follicle it is associated with

A

In secondary follicles when innermost layer of granulosa cells attaches to zona pellucida

51
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

Mass of loosely associated granulosa cells

52
Q

Theca interna and theca externa are found where

A

mature secondary follicle

53
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicle ruptures, expelling the oocyte

54
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Forms from increased secretion of progestagens

55
Q

How long does corpus luteum live for

A

2 weeks

56
Q

Corpus albicans

A

death of corpus luteum

57
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin, produced with pregnancy, saves corpus lutem

58
Q

Function of corpus lutem

A

Endocrine control of early pregnancy

59
Q

Phases of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase (day 1 to ovulation), and luteal phase (ovulation to menstruation)

60
Q

Phases of menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation, proliferative and secretory

61
Q

What induces ovulation

A

LH spike

62
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

Seminiferous tubules

63
Q

What stage of life does spermatogenesis begin

A

After puberty

64
Q

Number or sperm per gram of testis tissue per second

A

300-600

65
Q

Phases of spermatogenesis

A

Mitotic division, meiotic division, cytodifferentiation

66
Q

What are spermatogonial stem cells

A

First cell in spermatogenesis process

67
Q

Order the following:

Secondary spermatocytes, spermatogonium, spermatogonial stem cells, spermatids, primary spermatocytes

A

Spermatogonial stem cells, spermatogonium, primary spermatocute, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid

68
Q

Outline spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonial stem cell divides through mitosis
  2. One daughter cell, a spermatogonium, divides through mitosis rapidly
  3. They move through the adjacent sertoli to adluminal compartment
  4. The now primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis
  5. After meiosis l, they are secondary spermatocytes.
  6. After meiosis ll, they are spermatids
  7. Cytodifferentiation to become spermatozoa
  8. Sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
  9. Residual body phagocytosed by sertoli cells
69
Q

Sertoli cell location & functions

A

In the seminiferous tubules, between the basement membrane and adluminal compartment.
Produce AMH, ABP, and inhibin

70
Q

What are the interstitial cells called

A

Leydig cells

71
Q

LH & FSH come from

A

Ant. Pituitary

72
Q

Hypothalamus reduces

A

GnRH

73
Q

Function of LH in males

A

Travels through blood to testis, interacts with leydig cells.
Leydig cells produce testosterone (secondary characteristics)

74
Q

DHT

A

Dihydrotestosterone

75
Q

Function of FSH in males

A

Travels through blood to testis, interacts with sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells produce ABP (androgen binding protein) which makes testosterone soluble
Some ABP goes into cells, supports spermatogenesis

76
Q

Outline negative feedback in males

A

Testosterone tells hypothalamus to reduce GnRH production
Testosterone also tells gonadotrophs to decrease FSH & LH production
Inhibin regulates FSH production

77
Q

Function of Kisspeptin

A

Potentially up-regulates/begins cascades of GnRH

78
Q

Types of male infertility

A

Oligospermia, azoospermia

79
Q

Oligospermia

A

Low sperm count

80
Q

Azoospermia

A

No sperm cell production

81
Q

Threshold sperm count for male infertility

A

<20 million/ml

82
Q

IVF definition

A

In vitro fertilisation, oocytes harvested and 50,000 sperm extracted to fertilize (NEEDS TO BE MOTILE)

83
Q

ICSI definition

A

IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection, single sperm ejected into oocyte (DOES NOT NEED TO BE MOTILE)

84
Q

Pathway of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

85
Q

Function of epididymis

A

To store sperm, remove liquid, and provide motility, and ability to fertilize oocyte.

86
Q

How long are sperm in the epididymis

A

10-14 days

87
Q

Ducts of the male reproductive system

A

Epididymis, vas deferens & ejaculatory duct

88
Q

Accessory glands of male reproductive system

A

Seminal vesicles & prostate

89
Q

Function of seminal vesicles

A

Secrete mucoid substance (alkaline, frucose, prostaglandins, clotting proteins)

90
Q

Function of prostaglandins

A

Cause female contractions

91
Q

Function of the prostate

A

Secrete milky substance (acidic, citrate (ATP), phosphate, calcium, prostate specific antigen (PSA))

92
Q

pH of semen

A

7.5 ish

93
Q

Composition of semen

A

Sperm 10%
Seminal vesicle fluid 60%
Prostatic fluid 30%
Other secretions

94
Q

Order of ejaculatory substances

A

Prostate fluid first, then sperm, then seminal vesicle fluid

95
Q

BPH defintion and symptoms

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, excess growth of prostate occluding the urethra. Causes difficulty voiding bladder, bladder weakening, UTIs & kidney issues

96
Q

Treatments for BPH

A

Selective 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor/s (i.e. finasteride or dutasteride)
Surgery

97
Q

Function of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors

A

To stop the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

98
Q

Reason for autopsy cancer

A

Males die from other reasons whilst having prostate cancer

99
Q

PSA

A

Prostate specific antigen (breakdown of seminal vesicle clot)

100
Q

Structures of penis

A
  1. Corpora cavernosa x2
  2. Corpus spongiosum
  3. Penile urethra
101
Q

Causation of erection

A

Sexual stimulus, NO & prostaglandin E1 causes relaxation of corpora cavernosa
Increased blood flow

102
Q

Sildenafil

A

Viagra, causes erection through inhibition of phophodiesterase. Stops regulation of smooth muscle relaxation

103
Q

cGMP

A

Guanosine Monophosphate, causes arterial relaxation to corpora cavernosa, thus erection

MEDSCI142 (9 decks)

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