Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MEDSCI142 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of respiration

A

Efficient gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three forms of respiration

A

Internal, external, cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen from atmosphere to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Oxygen from blood to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Oxygen usage in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventilation

A

Mechanical function of air in and air out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentiate between respiration and ventilation

A

Respiration is gas exchange, ventilation is entirely mechanical function of air in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BPM of cilia

A

10 times per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline what the respiratory zone is

A

The zone where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline what the conducting zone is

A

The zone where air is conducted without gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

From nose to larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

From trachea to aveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What temperature does air need to be for gas exchange

A

37 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What preparation needs to happen to the air before gas exchange?

A

Air must be warmed, cleaned, and moistened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Three descriptors of good air for respiration

A

“Wet warm and sticky”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define & locate vibrissae

A

Course hairs in nose, for filtration of larger particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What tissue is the nasal & respiratory tract lined with?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the respiratory epithelium contribute to preparing air prior to respiration?

A

Mucous moistens air and filters particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of mucous

A

To moisten air and filter out particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three main bones in nasal cavity

A

Superior, middle, and inferior turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function and location of turbinates

A

Nasal cavity, to mix air together through turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of rich blood supply

A

heating of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All preparation steps to prepare air for respiration

A

Heating: blood supply
Filtration: Mucous, vibrissae, macrophages
Moistening: Mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is mucous conducted down the respiratory tract?

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the mucous come from?

A

Seromucous glands in the nasal cavity & goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many cilia per cell?

A

100-300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Order the following:

Larynopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx

A

Naso/Oro/Laryno

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the epiglottis work

A

Food passively closes glottis and conducts movement dodn the oesophagus. Passively moves to clear airway for conduction of air into trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Order the sections of the conducting zone

A 
Trachea 
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi 
Smaller bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles 
Or: TMLSSBT --> too much lifting sends serious booty testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Order the sections of the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Infection becomes dangerous past what generation?

A

20th, into respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dimensions/properties of trachea

A

12cm long, C shaped cartilage rings, stiff, thumb thickness, trachealis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the oesophagus reside in relation to the trachea

A

Posterior/dorsal to trachea, pressed against the trachealis (soft part of trachea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

As branching in the bronchus and on wards continues, what changes to the tunnels occur

A

Lumen size decreases, less layers (thinner), more branching i.e. 1 - 2 - 4 - 8 - 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Differentiate between bronchus layers and bronchiole layers

A

Bronchus has Pseudo-stratified ciliated, columnar epithelium with goblet cells whereas bronchioles have simple columnar/cuboidal ciliated epithelium with club cells
Bronchus has layer of exocrine mucus glands, and cartilage layer, bronchioles do not have these layers
Bronchus has mucus conveyor belt, bronchioles have water secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Club cells/clara cells excrete

A

Watery secretion, with antimicrobial enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Function of smooth muscle in bronchiole wall

A

To constrict & dilate to alter flow of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Acute asthma

A

Spasm of smooth muscle layer in bronchioles causing decreased radius of lumen and restriction of air flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Treatment for asthma

A

Adrenaline, sympathetic hormonal response etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are terminal bronchiole in conduction or respiratory zone

A

conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why are respiratory bronchioles regarded as respiratory?

A

Because they have alveoli on them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a alveolar duct

A

Tube of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of alveoli

A

Gas exchange, external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Inner wall of alveoli made of

A

Type one alveoli cells, squamous pneumocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Type ll alveoli cells function/location

A

inside/ish wall of alveoli, secretes surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Surfactant function

A

To hold walls of alveoli together, prevent collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Alveolar macrophage function/location

A

Inside lumen of alveoli, breaks down any last particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Relationship between basement membrane of type l alveolar cells and basement membrane of capillary endothelium

A

Fused together for efficient gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many lobes on left lung

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many lobes on right lung

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What supplies each lung segment

A

A tertiary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hilum

A

Entry point of bronchus into lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why are visceral and parietal pleura stuck together, and how are they stuck together?

A

So that movement of the diaphragm/intercostal muscles pulls wall of lungs with it to alter volume for ventilation. They are stuck together via the serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Actively move ribs up and out to increase lung volume and cause inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When are the internal intercostal muscles in use

A

only active when exhale require more support (hyperventilation, lungs need to compress faster than usual).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Move ribs back down and in to externally compress the lung. This causes reduced volume, and thus positive pressure to drive exhale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Which muscles control ventilation

A

Expiration is internal intercostal muscles only in active exhale, inspiration is using external intercostal muscles. Diaphragm contracts to increase volume of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which way do the lungs move

A

Up, out, and in the other dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Diaphragm innervated by which nerves and which spinosegmental level

A

phrenic nerves, C3-C5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Intercostals innervated by which nerves and which spinosegmental level

A

Intercostal nerves, T1-L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Abdominal muscles innervated by which nerves and which spinosegmental level

A

Thoracolumber, T7-L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Contraction of diaphragm results in

A

Flattening, thus contraction of external intercostals, ribs move up and out, pleura drags lungs out with wall of thoracic cavity, inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Relaxation of diaphragm results in

A

passive expiration, upon exercise internal intercostal muscles also contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Phrenic nerves

A

Motor control of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Thoracoabdominal nerves

A

Motor control of abdominal muslces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Muscles involved in ventilation

A

Diaphragm - contraction during inspiration
External intercostals - contraction during inspiration
Internal intercostals - contraction during active expiration
Abdominals - contraction during strenuous expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Inspiration occurs only when Ppul is

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Ppl changes how during inspiration

A

Continues to get more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Outline a pneumothorax

A

Puncture of pleura, loss of negative pressure necessary for inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Difference between volume and capacity

A

Volume is measured, capacity is calculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (volume available for inspiration in excess of tidal volume) 3100ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve volume (volume available for expiration in excess of tidal expiration) 1200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Vt

A

Tidal volume, volume used in a breath at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is f representative of

A

Respiratory frequency, how many breaths in a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Ve

A

Minute ventilation, total volume over a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Ve formula

A

Ve = Vt * f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Vital capacity

A

Vt + IRV + ERV

78
Q

FRC

A

Functional residual capacity, ERV and RV (residual volume)

79
Q

RV

A

Residual volume

80
Q

Hyperventilation

A

> 6L/min

81
Q

Hypoventilation

A

<6L/min

82
Q

Va

A

Alveolar ventilation

83
Q

Vd

A

Deadspace ventilation - volume of non-respiatory tubules - 2.2ml/kg

84
Q

How to calculate alveolar ventilation

A

Va=Ve-Vd

85
Q

How to measure residual volume

A

He diffusion upon inhalation shows total volume

86
Q

FEV1

A

Forced expiration volume (about 4L) measured over 1sec

87
Q

FVC

A

Forced vital capacity (breath in, breath all out, this is FVC)

88
Q

FEV1/FVC should be

A

80%

89
Q

What comprises recoil force

A

elasticity & surface tension

90
Q

Function of recoil force

A

Helps deflate the lung

91
Q

Deflation results in what?

A

expiration

92
Q

Define elasticity

A

The ability for an object to return to it’s original shape following inflation or deflation

93
Q

Tissue responsible for elasticity

A

Parenchyma

94
Q

Composition of parenchyma

A

Elastin and collagen

95
Q

Location of parenchyma

A

Airway, alveoli, vessel

96
Q

What is compliancy

A

The compliance of lung tissue to airflow

97
Q

Compliance in terms of elasticity

A

1/elasticity

98
Q

Compliance =

A

change in volume / change in pressure

99
Q

What is surface tension

A

A film on top of water is an example, inter molecular forces interact to create a film with tension on top of a body of liquid

100
Q

Surface tension found where in the lung

A

Alveoli

101
Q

Direction of action of surface tension

A

Inwards

102
Q

Why do alveoli have surface tension?

A

Gas/liquid border

103
Q

laplaces law =

A

P=2T/R

104
Q

Impact of radius on surface tension

A

Larger radius reduces pressure

105
Q

Surface tension of alveoli act to do what

A

Deflate the lung

106
Q

Why don’t alveoli collapse?

A

Surfactant reduces inter molecular forces

107
Q

Define surfactant

A

Soapy liquid, secreted by type ll alveolar cells, reduces surface tension

108
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

109
Q

How is COPD caused?

A

Pollution, smoking, surfactant insufficient

110
Q

How does COPD work?

A

It results from a decrease in lung elasticity thus increase in compliance. This results in hyperinflation, and an increased level of inflation at FRC.
LESS ROOM FOR INSPIRATION

111
Q

What is the danger of COPD?

A

Higher resting FRC, therefore less room for inspiration

112
Q

How does fibrosis work?

A

Increased elasticity thus decreased compliance, due to more collagen and less elastin.
Stiff lung

113
Q

Danger of fibrosis?

A

Shallow breathing

114
Q

Where is resistance in the airway the highest? Why?

A

Trachea. Due to less cross sectional area

115
Q

Where is resistance in the airway the lowest? Why?

A

Bronchioles, due to a high cross sectional area

116
Q

How much more airflow occurs at the low resistance end of the lung than at the trachea?

A

5x

117
Q

Where is airflow the fastest? Why?

A

Trachea, due to high resistance/pressure

118
Q

Where is airflow the most turbulent? Why?

A

Trachea, do to high speed

119
Q

Where is airflow the slowest? Why?

A

Bronchioles, due to large flow and low resistance

120
Q

Where is airflow the most laminar/least turbulent?

A

Bronchioles, due to high flow, low speed

121
Q

As volume of airways increase, resistance

A

Decreases

122
Q

Outcome of parasympathetic control over respiratory system

A

Bronchoconstriction

123
Q

Outcome of sympathetic control over respiratory system

A

Bronchodilation

124
Q

Beta-adrenocepters

A

Sympathetic response, respond to noradrenaline, causing bronchodilation

125
Q

Salbutamol

A

Beta-adrenocepter agonist

126
Q

Function of mechanoreceptors in lung

A

To sense lung stretch, which causes firing which goes to the medulla, controlling sympathetic response to dilate bronchioles

127
Q

Difference between diffusion and perfusion

A

Perfusion is delivery of blood to pulmonary capillaries, diffusion is movement of gas across alveolar membrane into blood stream

128
Q

What does diffusion limited mean

A

The efficiency of gas exchange is limited by the time it takes the gas to diffuse across the membrane

129
Q

What does perfusion limited mean

A

The diffusion of a gas across the membrane into the blood stream is so fast that what limits the rate of gas exchange is the amount of blood flow

130
Q

Which gases are D limited and which are P limited

A

CO is D limited, and N2O & O2 are P limited

131
Q

How to increase rate of diffusion in perfusion limited gas

A

More blood flow

132
Q

Factors effecting diffusion of gas into blood stream from alveoli

A

Area - more area better diffusion, more alevoli more area
Thickness - 0.5micrometers, better diffusion rate
Partial pressure difference - O2 (60mmHg difference) CO2 (6mmHg difference) creates stronger driving force for diffusion
Solubility of gas - CO2, 25x more soluble than oxygen, but release time is slow so movement of both gases is the same
Molecular weight of gas

133
Q

Consequences of pulmonary hypertension

A

Oedema, dyspnoea

134
Q

Where is the apex of the lung

A

At the top

135
Q

Pulmonary oedema reduced by

A

Distention and recruitment

136
Q

Alveoli volume is larger in top or bottom of lung, why?

A

Larger, more negative pleural pressure

137
Q

Is ventilation of the apex of the lung better or worse than the bottom when standing upright? Why?

A

Worse, more negative pleural pressure than at the base, air effected by gravity

138
Q

Blood flow is better or worse at the top of the heart? Why?

A

Worse, lack of arterial pressure

139
Q

Why is the ventilation perfusion ratio less than 1 in reality?

A

There is not uniform perfusion and ventilation across the lung

140
Q

Why does blood flow begin in zone 2

A

There is sufficient arterial pressure to overcome the alveolar pressure

141
Q

How does pulmonary arterial pressure impact resistance?

A

Higher pressure results in decreased resistance, as distention and recruitment occurs

142
Q

Outline sheetflow

A

Sheet like structure of capillary walls increases contact of membrane with alveolar membrane

143
Q

Why is there less blood flow in the top of the lung

A

Because the R.V. mean pressure does not generate enough force to push the blood to the top, so alveolar pressure is greater than arteriole and venous pressure

144
Q

Why is zone 3 the best for blood flow

A

Because arterial pressure is greater than venous pressure, but venous pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

145
Q

Why are O2 levels higher at the top of the lung?

A

Lots of blood flow takes up oxygen at bottom, low blood flow at top so no O2 being removed

146
Q

Why are O2 levels higher at the top of the lung?

A

Lots of blood flow takes up oxygen at bottom, low blood flow at top so no O2 being removed

147
Q

Average tidal volume

A

500ml

148
Q

Formula for perfusion

A

Q= HR * SV

149
Q

Average stroke volume of heart

A

70ml

150
Q

Outline pulmonary hypertension

A

Right heart failure, hypoxic lungs, vasoconstriction, increased pressure, oedema

151
Q

Outline pulonary oedema

A

L.V. failure, back log of blood, increased pulomary venous pressure, oedema

152
Q

Sympotm of oedema

A

Dyspnoea (breathlessness)

153
Q

O2 is stored how

A

Bound to Haemoglobin and dissolved in plasma

154
Q

Hb is

A

Haemoglobin

155
Q

Outline Hb

A

Polypeptide, 4 binding sites (haem moietys) found in erythrocytes

156
Q

Allosteric effect

A

Twisting of haemoglobin to expose haem moeity

157
Q

Why is the O2 dissociation curve not linear?

A

Do to the co-operative binding of O2 to haemoglobin

158
Q

Shape of O2 curve name

A

Sigmoidal relationship

159
Q

How much of blood O2 does tissue take

A

25%

160
Q

Why does O2 detach from haemoglobin

A

As PO2 drops, the affinity between haemoglobin and O2 declines, so it is released into the tissues

161
Q

What causes a decrease in O2 affinity for haemoglobin?

A

More: temperature, CO2, DPG, H+

162
Q

What impact does pH have on O2 affinity of haemoglobin?

A

H+ ions cause dissociation of O2 from haem moiety

163
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Fully saturated haemoglobin

164
Q

Differ between content and saturation of O2

A

Content is how much you have, saturation is how many (/4) O2 molecules a haemoglobin has

165
Q

Outline a left shift

A

Lower temperature, less CO2, fewer H+ ions, less DPG, thus higher affinity of haemoglobin to O2, and less tissue content of O2

166
Q

Outline the Bohr effect

A

Higher temperature, more CO2, more H+ ions, more DPG, thus lower affinity of haemoglobin to O2 and more release into tissues.

167
Q

Outline fetal haemoglobin and it’s purpose

A

Left shifted, needs higher O2 affinity to transport O2 from placenta to embryo

168
Q

Outline myoglobin and it’s purpose

A

Very left shifted, extremely high O2 affinity, used as an O2 storage molecule

169
Q

How is CO2 transported in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in solution
  2. As HCO3-
  3. On an amine group of Hb
  4. As H2CO3
170
Q

Percentage of CO2 in blood vs plasma

A

70% in RBC

30% in plasma

171
Q

How much of CO2 is bound to haemoglobin

A

5%

172
Q

Where is CO2 affinity highest?

A

Venous blood

173
Q

Where is CO2 affinity lowest?

A

Arterial blood

174
Q

Outline the haldane effect

A

Difference between affinity for CO2 at venous and at arterial levels. Higher affinity at lower PCO2 means better tissue loading of CO2 into venous return blood

175
Q

Anoxia

A

Low O2

176
Q

Asphyxia

A

O2 deprivation

177
Q

Hypercapnia

A

High CO2 levels

178
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Low CO2 levels

179
Q

Hyperventilation and CO2 levels

A

Fast hard breathing (causes hypocapnea thus vasoconsrtiction at cerebellum)

180
Q

ischaemia

A

Low blood supply to tissues

181
Q

Apnoea

A

No breathing

182
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Breathlessness

183
Q

Role of central chemoreceptors

A

To sense H+ ions from CO2 + H2O reaction, senses hypercapnia and increasing ventilation

184
Q

Location of central chemoreceptors

A

Medulla

185
Q

Role of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

To sense hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, haemorrhage, sympathetic activity and sodium cyanide

186
Q

Location of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Corotid arterial bifurcation

187
Q

Speed of P.C.R vs C.C.R

A

Peripheral are within a breath or two, Central are slow as the only measure hypercapnia

188
Q

Ondines curse

A

Central chemoreceptors do not work

189
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Sum of all partial pressures is the total air pressure

190
Q

Hyperventilation physiology

A

More CO2 is breathed off than created

Elevated pH

191
Q

Physiology of hypoventilation

A

Less perfused O2 and more CO2 in blood

MEDSCI142 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions