REPODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

Question

SPERMATOGENSIS (SPERM PRODUCTION)

Answer 1

Sperm production is stimulated by FSH Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules Mature as they pass through the epididymis They are stored in the epididymis Needs a temperature of 34◦C The scrotum sit outside the body with little fat insulation Make them vulnerable to trauma – protected by the cremaster muscle

Answer 2

- primary spermatocyte 46 chromosomes two chromatids - secondary spermatocytes 23 chromosomes each with 2 chromatids

Answer 3

HEAD: nucleus - containing enzymes penetrating the outer layer of the ovum BODY: contains mitochondria, providing energy for movement TAIL: mobility to propel the sperm along ova-uterine repoductive system

Answer 4

Spermatozoa expelled from the epididymis Follow a relatively long route Additional fluids is added to spermatozoa by the prostate gland and seminal vesicle Semen Propelled by powerful rhythmic contractions from the smooth muscle in the deferent duct.

Answer 5

2-5 mls in average ejaculation - 10% sperm 40-100 million spermatozoa - 60% seminal fluids - 30% protastic fluid - if ejaculatiom doesnt happen sperm are eventually reabsorbed by epididymis

Answer 6

LH = testes to produce testostrone - development. & maintian gland and sex organs - growth of seminferous tublus & production of spermatozoa - muscle development - stimulautes bone growth - lowering voice pitch - icnrease in sebum secreation in skin - development & maintain of libido

Answer 7

Ooctye is fertilised by one spermatozoon usually in the uterine tube Many spermatozoa reach the ovum only one fertilises. The resulting cell is called a Zygote As spermatozoa and ovum have 23 chromosomes each so the zygote has a full complement of 46 chromosomes Capacitation final process of maturation of sperm to successfully fertilise an oocyte biochemical event/series of changes caused by secretions from female genital tract become hyperactivated, allows binding sperm/oocyte

Answer 8

Rapid and repeated cell division over the first 7-10 days Results in Blastocyst, which becomes implanted in the uterine wall. The trophoblast contains –inner mass of cells which develop into the amniotic sac The outer layer of cells is called the trophoblast and develops into the placenta.

Answer 9

- primary site of nutreint & gas exchange between mother and foetus - placenta & unbilical cord function as transport system - nutreints & o2 pass from maternal blood through the placenta to fetal blood - waste materals and co2 pass from fetus to maternal blood

Answer 10

- temp structure - acts as interface between parent and the foetus - a network of foetal capillaries bathes in maternal blood

Answer 11

- protection - nutrition - repiration - excreaion - hormone production

Answer 12

- surrounding developing embryo - provides support for embryological & foetal development - Amniotic fluid is a water-like substance that surrounds and protects a foetus - Helps develop a foetus's muscles, lungs and digestive system. - Acts as a cushion (shock absorber) Amniotic fluid contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies

Answer 13

FIRST TRIMESTERS: Most critical Differentiation and organisation of cells into specialised tissues complete by the end of first trimester Highest risk phase for abnormalities Baby is fully formed Main body systems have been formed (need further development) RISK: come from infeciton, chemcial (alchol or tobacco) SECOND TRIMESTER Continued organ development Urine production starts  Sex organs become apparent Eyes move Hair and toenails develop Hearing develops THIRD TRIMESTER Further organ development Lungs and kidneys develop fully Bones of skull remain soft. Towards end foetus’ head will engage and drop into the pelvic area

Answer 14

Oestrogen and Oxytocin Cause powerful uterine contractions Initiate labour and delivery of the baby Rare example of a positive feedback system Most feedback mechanisms are negative feedback – but the process of birth and uterine contraction is one of the very few positive feedback mechanism.

Answer 15

Testicular System Decline in testosterone results in reduction of fertility and libido However viable sperm production continues into extreme old age Enlarged prostate

Answer 16

- Can be sudden onset or extended - over time - Average 4 years - Can be preceded by premenopausal period - No viable oocytes remain in ovaries - Reduction in Oestrogen - Reproductive cycle disrupted Fertility declines

Answer 17

Falls in oestrogen cause a rise in FSH and LH which attempts to maintain the functions of the ovaries Ovaries become less responsive to hormones Ovulation and the menstrual cycle eventually stop Vasodilation and “hot” flushes Mood changes Loss of bones mass – osteoporosis Thinning of skin Increase in cholesterol Reproductive organs progressively shrink in size.

REPODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

(41 cards)