Repro 1

Question 1

the bipotent gonad becomes

Answer 1

ovaries or testes depending on XX or XY chromosomes

Question 2

the mesonephric tubules become what in each sex?

Answer 2

female: rete ovarii
male: rete testis

Question 3

in each sex, what do the paramesenephric ducts become?

Answer 3

female: uterine tubes, uterine horns, uterine body, cervix, cranial vagina
male: regressess under influence of AMH

Question 4

ffor each sex, what do the mesonephric ducts become?

Answer 4

female: regression
male: epididymis, deferent duct, vesicular gland, ampulla. under influence of testosterone

Question 5

for each sex, what does the urogenital sinus become?

Answer 5

female: caudal vagina, vestibule, volva, clitoris
male: prostate, bulbourethal gland, scrotum, penis (under infuence of testosterone)

Question 6

what is the difference between a true hermaphrodite and a pseudohermaphrodite?

Answer 6

a true hermaphrodite has both male and female gonads (ovaries and testes)
a pseudohermaphrodite has a single gonad type which determines the animals sex no matter what the other parts look like (external genetalia could be weird or other parts like uterine tubes, deferent ducts, etc)

Question 7

Give some examples of chromosonal disorders of sexual development

Answer 7

X
XXY
chimerism (XX/XY)

Question 8

what is freemartinism?

Answer 8

the female born with a co twin that is a male. the placentas are able to exchange blood, hematopoietic cells are exchanged, and gene factors from the male carried in the blood inhibit ovarian growth and favor testicular differentiation, leading to an infertile female twin

Question 9

the function of the testis and epidiymis depends on what?

Answer 9

maintenance of temperature just below body temperature

Question 10

what are the 4 portals of entry to the scrotum? Give an example of each

Answer 10

hematogenous localization (brucella species)
ascending infection (preputial flora)
direct penetration (bite wound)
extension from the peritoneum (FIP, neoplasia)

Question 11

any injury to the testis of ductular system that exposes the spermatozoa to the interstisial tissue results in what?

Answer 11

severe granulomatous inflammation known as spermatic granuloma

Question 12

what is cyrptorchidism?

Answer 12

incomplete descent of the testis, usually unilateral, and the retained testis is often hypoplastic

Question 13

retained testes are prone to what 2 things?

Answer 13

neoplasia
torsion

Question 14

why are small testes of great importance?

Answer 14

because daily sperm output is correlated to testicular weight and volume, aka small balls are bad and you dont want them!

Question 15

what is the difference between testicular hypoplasia and testicular atrophy/degeneration?

Answer 15

hypoplasia: congenital condition in which the testis does not grow to full size
atrophy/degernation: testes reduce in size after sexual maturation, many causes

Question 16

what are the two types of spermatic granulomas? collectively they share a pathogenesis, describe it

Answer 16

spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head (congenital)
spermatic ganuloma of the epididymal tail (secondary to epididymitis)

pathogenesis: ruptured ducts, leaks spermatozoa, body sees these are foreign, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction and sperm stasis

Question 17

what is seen here

Answer 17

cryptorchidism, one testicle in the abdomen and did not descend

Question 18

what is shown here

Answer 18

spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head (congenital)

Question 19

what is an important sequelae of spermatic granulomas?

Answer 19

infertility due to the blockage of the tubular organs

Question 20

inflammation of the epididymis is called ______ and it affects what location? What is the cause

Answer 20

epididymitis , usually affecting the tail of the epididymis
caused by bacteria (brucella ovis & brucella canis via hematogenous spread, actinobacillus seminalis and histophilus somni in rams, E coli in dogs if via ascending infection)

Question 21

what is this?

Answer 21

epididymitis (you can see scarring, fibrous adhesions), caused by brucella ovis in a sheep

Question 22

since the epididymis is a single tube, what can happen if you have epididymitis?

Answer 22

obstruction and rupture of the wall allowing spermatozoa to leak and caused a spermatic granuloma

Question 23

what is the name for inflammation of the testis? what is the cause usually? Give specific examples

Answer 23

orchitis
usually bacterial via hematogeous spread (brucella abortus, brucella suis, brucella canis) often causing necrotizing orchitis

Question 24

this is a testicle of a caribou. What is this disease and what likely caused it?

Answer 24

necrotizing orchitis caused by brucella suis

Question 25

what are the 3 main types of testicular neoplasia? Is it easy to tell them apart?

Answer 25

interstisial (leydig) cell tumors seminoma (germ cell origin) sertoli cell tumors you can differentiate types grossly

Question 26

in older dogs, list the types of testicular neoplasia from most to least common. how do these tumors behave?

Answer 26

interstisial, seminoma, sertoli almost always benign

Question 27

which testicular neoplasms are associated with cryptorchidism?

Answer 27

seminomas (more common in retained testes) sertoli cell tumors (50% are in retained testes)

Question 28

grossly, what does a interstisial /leydig cell tumor look like?

Answer 28

spherical, well demarcated, soft, tan to orange areas of hemorrhage and necrosis

Question 29

the most common testicular tumor of the dog, cat, and bull is

Answer 29

interstisial cell tumors

Question 30

This is an older dog's testicles. What is your diagnosis?

Answer 30

interstisial/leydig cell tumor

Question 31

the most common testicular neoplasm in the stallion is the ______. How do these tumors usually behave?

Answer 31

seminoma, rarely metastasize

Question 32

grossly, what does a seminoma look like?

Answer 32

homogenous, white to pink gray, soft and buldge on section

Question 33

what is this tumor? pretend it is an older stallion

Answer 33

seminoma

Question 34

how do sertoli cell tumors appear grossly, and how do these tumors behave normally?

Answer 34

well demarcated, multilobar, tan to white and very firm rarely metastasize

Question 35

this are dog testicles. what is your number one differential

Answer 35

sertoli cell tumor

Question 36

approx 1/3 of sertoli cell tumors are associated with what? What is the result of this? Can you treat this?

Answer 36

feminization from hyperestrogenism (hormonally active tumors) results: symmetric alopecia, enlarged mammary glands, pendulous prepuce, prostatic hyperplasia, bone marrow suppression, it can be life threatening! treatment: remove the tumor and the animal will be okay

Question 37

what is prostatic hyperplasia? what is a common clinical sign? how do you identify it?

Answer 37

develops spontaneously with age in uncastrated dogs, hormone related but exact machanism is unknown clinical sign: constipation identification: smooth, bilaterally enlarged, symmetrical, non painful on palpation

Question 38

Grease Fire, a 10yo MI bully mix comes in because he is constipated. On rectal palptation you feel an enlarged symmetrical mass that is non painful. What is your number one differential?

Answer 38

prostatic hyperplasia

Question 39

inflammation of the prostate is called

Answer 39

prostatitis

Question 40

prostatitis often occurs concurrently with

Answer 40

a UTI/the animal will have signs of a UTI

Question 41

what is the cause of protatitis?

Answer 41

bacterial, either via hematogenous spread (brucella canis) or ascending infection (E coli, proteus vulgaris)

Question 42

GORPYGU, a 11 yo MI GSD comes to you with a fever and ADR. On rectal palpation you feel an asymmetric enlargement of the prastate that is painful. What is your differential?

Answer 42

prostatitis

Question 43

this is from a dog, what is your differential?

Answer 43

prostatitis

Question 44

the only prostatic neoplasm of importance in domestic animals is

Answer 44

carcinoma of the prostate in dogs

Question 45

what causes carinoma of the prostate in dogs?

Answer 45

unknown but not a normal progression from prostatic hyperplasia and castration is not protective

Question 46

what are the 2 gross appearances of carcinoma of the prostate? What is the prognosis of this tumor?

Answer 46

1. asymmetric, irregular, non painful, enlarged 2. minimal emlargement and urinary obstruction prognosis is very poor, by the time you diagnose it has likely spread to LNs and other places

Question 47

What is vesicular adenitis? what causes it, and why is it important?

Answer 47

happens in bulls, inflammation of the vesicular glands, happens to young bulls in their first season caused by bacteria, usually detect the chronic form important because it reduced infertility

Question 48

what does vesicular adenitis look like grossly, and what is the pathogenesis to causing infertility?

Answer 48

grossly: enlarged, firm (fibrosis), loss of lobulation inflammation in the glands, see leukocytes and inflammatory mediators in the semen, reduced fertility and reduced ability of spermatozoa to survive freezing

Question 49

what kind of mass is this in this male dog? how does the tumor behave?

Answer 49

carcinoma of the prostate. poor prognosis, metastasizes to sublumbar LNs, lungs, bone

Question 50

normal is pictures on the left. What is shown in the photo on the right?

Answer 50

vesicular adenitis

Question 51

disorders of the penis and prepuce are rare, but ______ is common

Answer 51

infection (because organisms take advantage of venereal transmission)

Question 52

what is the word for the inflammation of the: penis head of the penis prepuce penis and prepuce together

Answer 52

phallitis balanitis posthitis phalloposthitis

Question 53

name 2 asymptomatic veneral infections in cattle. Are there signs in the females?

Answer 53

tritrichmonas foetus and campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis in females: infertility/early embryonic loss and abortions

Question 54

what cause balanoposthitis?

Answer 54

genital herpesviruses (latent infections)

Question 55

what do lesions on the penis/prepuce look like with infection of a herpesvirus?

Answer 55

vesiculopustular ulcerative lesions

Question 56

this is a bull penis. what is your number 1 differential?

Answer 56

balanoposthitis caused by bovine herpesvirus 1

Question 57

what is "pizzle rot"? What is it caused by? What is the pathogenesis?

Answer 57

ovine posthitis, in castrated male goats caused by urase producing corynebacterium renale pathogenesis: high protein diet, high urea in the urine, broken down by corynebacterium renale to ammonia, ulceration of preputial opening, severe inflammation and swelling, urethral blockage, death

Question 58

what is this disease in lay mans terms and actual terms

Answer 58

pizzle rot, ovine posthitis

Question 59

what is your number 1 differential for an ulcerated, exophytic mass on a horse penis?

Answer 59

penile squamous cell carcinoma

Question 60

if a horse has squamous papilloma on the penis, what can this progress into?

Answer 60

squamous cell carcinoma (transition from benign to malignant)

Question 61

what causes penile SCC in horses? How does this tumor behave?

Answer 61

UV exposure and light pigmented skin, equine papilloma virus 2 the tumor is locally infiltrative and can metastasize to inguinal LNs and liver and/or lungs

Question 62

this is a horse penis, what is your differential?

Answer 62

penile squamous cell carcinoma

Question 63

young bulls can get a tumor on the head of the penis called _______. What is it caused by?

Answer 63

penile fribopapilloma, caused by bovine papilloma virus 1

Question 64

how does a penile fibropapilloma appear grossly? How do these tumors behave usually?

Answer 64

large, pink or gray/white, exophytic mass benign and self limiting but can interfere with penis movement, breeding, and urination.

Question 65

this is a young bull penis. what is your number 1 differential?

Answer 65

penile fribopapilloma

Question 66

dogs can get this weird transmittible tumor via coitus called _______. What is it derived from? How do thest umors affect the dogs?

Answer 66

canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) derived from canine histocytes usually regress spontaneously but can metastasize in animals will poor health

Question 67

this is a dog penis. this dog is a stray. what is your number one differential?

Answer 67

canine transmissible venereal tumor

Question 68

in about 1/3 of a specific testicular tumor, dogs expeience something called feminization from hyperestrogenism. What tumor causes this and what 6 things result from this feminization effect?

Answer 68

sertoli cell tumors 1. attraction to other male dogs 2. symmetric alopecia 3. enlargement of mamary glands 4. penduloud prepuce 5. porastatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplsia 6. bone marrow suppression