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VETM 425 > Repro 2 > Flashcards

Repro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a persistent hymen?

A

where the paramesopnephric duct has failed to make a proper connection to the urogenital sinus

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2
Q

what is this showing?

A

persistent hymen

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3
Q

what is this showing?

A

segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct leading to aplasia of the uterine horn

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4
Q

what is uterus didelphys?

A

failure of the paramesopnephric ducts to fuse resulting in duplication of te cervix and uterine body

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5
Q

what is this showng?

A

uterus didelphys

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6
Q

what are periovarian cysts?

A

cysts that occur external to the ovary, most common in mares, and they are reminants of the paramesopheric or mesonephric ducts

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7
Q

what is this

A

a cystic reminant of the parasmesonephric duct (periovarian cyst)

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8
Q

what are epithelial inclusion cysts and what is their impact? what is their pathogenesis?

A

they epithelial onclusion cysts that occur in mares, usually around the ovulation fossa
the surface epithelium is pinched off during ovulation and embedded into the stroma, they accumulate fluid and enlarge interfering with ovulation and causing infertility

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9
Q

what is cystic rete ovarii?

A

a type of intraovarian cyst common in dogs, cats, and guinea pigs esp, it is a reminant of the rete ovarii from mesonephric tubules, usually incidental

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10
Q

what is this

A

epithelial inclusion cysts in a mare

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11
Q

what is this?

A

cystic rete ovarii

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12
Q

what are cystic ovarian follicles?

A

they are follicles that never ovulate, happens in dairy cows and sows, in cows it causes cystic ovarian disease

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13
Q

what is cystic ovarian disease? what is the cause?

A

cows that have a cystic ovarian follicle bigger than 2.5cm and persists for more than 10 days, can see nymphomania but can also see anestrus
cause: failure of preovulatory LH surge

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14
Q

what is this?

A

cystic tertiary follicle

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15
Q

what are the 3 main groups of ovarian neoplasias?

A

germ cell neoplasias, sex cord stromal neoplasms, and epithelial neoplasms

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16
Q

what is a teratoma?

A

a arare and benign tumor happening in the ovary s a result of 2-3 germ layer differentiation, it can include hair, bone, cartilage, and teeth

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17
Q

what is this?

A

ovarian teratoma

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18
Q

what are granulosa cell tumors? who gets them and what do they do?

A

most common ovarian tumor of large animals, usually unilateral and benign, and they are hormonally active

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19
Q

what are the 3 behavior patterns of granulosa cell tumors?

A

nymphomania, stallion like behavior via testosterone, and anestrus

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20
Q

granulosa cell tumors look like

A

swiss cheese

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21
Q

what is this in a mare ovary?

A

granulosa cell tumor

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22
Q

ovarian carcinoma is common in? what is the cause? how do they look?

A

common in the dog, cause unknown, multifocal and bilateral

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23
Q

these are dog ovaries, what is this?

A

ovarian carcinoma

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24
Q

what is the term for:
- inflammation of the uterine tubes
- pus filled uterine tube
- distention of uteine tube with clear watery fluid

A

salpingitis
pyosalpinx
hydrosalpinx

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25
Q

how do ewes get cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

ingestion of estrogenic clover

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26
Q

for the bitch and queen, _____ is a common response of the uterus in diestrus. The influence of ________ primes the endometrium so that ________

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone
inflammation/irritation causes hyerplasia

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27
Q

there is a strong association between cystic endometrial hyerplasia and _______ in bitches and queens. Why does this happen?

A

uterine infection
the cystic endometrial hyerplasia creates a favorable environment for bacteria to grow OR an infection can lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia

28
Q

what should this make you think of? this is a bitch

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

29
Q

hydrometra nd mucometra are a consequence of:

A

endometrial hyplerplasia OR obstruction of the uterus, cervix, or vagina

30
Q

uterine prolapse is common in? what causes it?

A

ruminants and sows
caused by excessive straining and uterine inertia (dystocia, retained placenta, hypocalcemia)

31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of uterine prolpase that kills the animal?

A

reduced venous outflow of the prolasped portion, edema and congestion, trauma infection and drying, tissue necrosis, shock and death

32
Q

what is this

A

uterine prolpase

33
Q

what is sips? who gets it? what causes it? what are clinical signs?

A

subinvolution of placntal sites, unique to dogs, the placental sites do not regess after puppies are born
clinical signs: excessive bloody discharge that persists for months, can lead to anemia, exsanguination, even endometritis

34
Q

what is this, bitch?

A

SIPS: subinvolution of placental sites

35
Q

what isunique about the horse cervix?

A

she loose! (what a slut)

36
Q

what are the two times in which the uterus is vulnerable to infection?

A

when under the influence of progesterone (pregnancy and diestrus)
when the cervis is open (estrus, partuition, postpartum)

37
Q

what is post mating endometritis in mares? what is a good way to tell if a horse has this?

A

inflammation following insemination and it is normal and should resolve (aka, we had sex, ouchie) BUT some maes fail to clear seminal fluid and resovlve inflammation which can lead to chronic inflammation and endometrial fibrosis (infertility)

endometrial biopsy

38
Q

when does a cow get endometritis? Is this normal?

A

postpartum, yes this is normal UNLESS it is not cleared immediately afterwards

39
Q

infection of the endometrium after birth usually follows what two things?

A

abnormal partution (something went wrong with the birth)
failure of the uterus to involute (lochia, vag discahrge after birth, is lovely for bacteria to grow on)

40
Q

this cow gave birth a little while ago and she randomly died. this is her uterus. what did she die of?

A

endometritis

41
Q

endometritis after birth can progress to what?

A

pyometra

42
Q

older intact female dogs 4-6 weeks after estrus can get: _______
what phase of estrus does this happen?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra
happens in diestrus when a CL is present and lots of pregesterone

43
Q

what are clinical signs of pyometra?

A

depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomitting, PU/PD, vaginal discahrge if cervix is open (all from endotoxemia and bacteremia)

44
Q

what is this?

A

pyometra

45
Q

what is the most common eitologic agent for pyometra?

A

E coli

46
Q

why is PU/PD a clinical sign in pyometra?

A

bacteria produce endotoxins that interfere with action of ADH (anti diuretic hormone), and the dog can’t concentrate the urine

47
Q

smooth muscle tumors of the uterus are called _____ and are common in ____. how do these tumors behave?

A

leiomyoma or leimyosarcoma
common in dogs
they are benign and hormonally dependent (spaying will help)

48
Q

uterine carcinoma is common in what animals? what is their unique behavior?

A

cattle and it is the most common uterine neoplasm in rabbits!
grossly can appear as more of an area of stenosis and scar tissue
they seed the abdomen (transcoelomic spread, carcinomatosis) and metastasize to LNs and lungs

49
Q

this is a uterus of a bitch. this dog was not spayed. what is this?

A

leimyoma

50
Q

what kind of uterine tumor is this?

A

uterine carcinoma (scirrhous reaction)

51
Q

the number one cause of baterial mastatis is ______, therefore, the critical barrier to infection is the

A

ascending infection along the papillary duct
ostium and duct of the papilla and its sphincter

52
Q

what three broad categories are there for bacterial causes of mastitis? give examples in each category?

A

obligate mammary pathogens ( streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aureus, mycoplasma spp)
environmental contaminants ( E coli and klebsiella pneumoniae)
overlap group (streptococcus uberus and streptococcus dysgalactiae)

53
Q

what causes severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis in cows? what are clinical signs?

A

coliforms and S. aureus
concurrent systemic signs from profound toxemia like fever, anorexia, leukopenia, shock and death

54
Q

grossly, what does severe necrotizing mastitis look like?

A

swollen, warm, firm, painful, straw colored milk, coagulation necrosis, black soft cold tissue, gland may slough

55
Q

what kind of mastitis is this?

A

severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis

56
Q

what is suppurative mastitis caused by?

A

pus forming gram positive bacteria that are less virulent (like S aureus, S dysgalactiae, T pyogenes)

57
Q

grossly, what does suppurative mastitis look like?

A

lactiferous ducts and sinus fill with suppurative exudate and fibrosis if chronic

58
Q

what kind of mastitis is this?

A

suppurative mastitis caused by strep dysgalactiae

59
Q

what causes mycoplasma mastitis? what route of infection does it use?

A

mycoplasma bovis and others
either hematogenous or ascending

60
Q

grossly what does mycoplasma mastitis look like

A

multifocal to coalesing foci of caseous necrosis

61
Q

why is mycoplasma mastitis a herd health concern?

A

it spreads to calves causing otitid media and pneumonia and it is on the rise in western canada

62
Q

what kind of mastitis is this?

A

mycoplasma mastitis

63
Q

what is this? is this common? are you concerned about it?

A

mammary tumor in a dog, most are benign, but they are very common, spay them to prevent!

64
Q

what are some differences between fibroadenomatous hyerplasia and mammary neoplasia in cats?

A

FAH: young intact female cats, hormonally driven (progesterone), resolve spontaneously by spaying, may be one or many swollen glands

MN: older cats, usually malignant with metastasis, effects of spaying are less clear, usually a single ulcerated mass

65
Q

these are two different kinds of mammary masses in the cat. name them

A

left: fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (not neoplastic)
right: mammary neoplasia (adenocarcinoma)

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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