GI 3: Small and Large Intestine Part 1

Question 1

what is this?

h

Answer 1

hemomelasma ilei, believed to be a result of strongylus larvae migration

Question 2

what is the difference between stenosis and atresia?

Answer 2

stenosis is a narrowing of the lumen so an INcomplete occlusion of the GI tract
atresia is complete occlusion of the lumen of the GI tract

Question 3

what is atresia coli? what species is it common in?

Answer 3

a congenital disease where there is a complete occlusion of the colon. it is common in holstein calves in the spiral colon

Question 4

what is atresia ani? what species is it most common?

Answer 4

a hereditary condition, an imperforate anus, common in calves and pigs

Question 5

atresia ani usually often associated wth additionaly malformations in specifc areas. List 3

Answer 5

distal spinal column, genitourinary tract, intestinal atresia or agenesis

Question 6

what is horseshoe kidney?

Answer 6

when the two kidneys fuse together

Question 7

what are you seeing here?

Answer 7

rectal and anal atresia with a rectogenital fistula (and horseshow kidney)

Question 8

what are the 4 types of acquired intestinal obstruction?

Answer 8

luminal, mural, external, functional

Question 9

what is a good way to tell grossly where a linear foreign body is in a cat?

Answer 9

there will be pleating of the intestine wherever the FB is

Question 10

what kind of obstruction is caused by enteroliths? what exactly are enteroliths made of?

Answer 10

luminal
usually made of minerals like magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, etc

Question 11

where do horses usually get luminal obstructions?

Answer 11

the pelvic flexure and transverse (small) colon

Question 12

what is this?

Answer 12

a linear foreign body

Question 13

what is a mural intestinal obstruction?

Answer 13

ab obstruction ocurring in the wall of the intestine rather than in the lumen itself

Question 14

jejunal hematoma is also called _______ and it most often happens in _______. What are some common gross findings?

Answer 14

hemorhagic bowel syndrome
dair cattle in mid lactation
gross findings: segmental intramural/intraluminal hemorrhage

Question 15

what is this disease

Answer 15

jejunal hematoma

Question 16

what is this disease

Answer 16

jejunal hematoma

Question 17

what is the cause of jejunal hematoma?

Answer 17

we dont know but it’s NOT clostridium!

Question 18

what is a common type of mural obstruction in pigs?

Answer 18

rectal stricture

Question 19

what causes rectal stricture in pigs and what is the pathogenesis?

Answer 19

caused secondary to intestinal infection of salmonella typhimurium
necrotizing inflammation of the rectum and uterus (procitis) from the bacterial ifnection leads to ischemia and damage of the blood vessels. during recovery, scarring and contraction leads to a stricture

Question 20

what are some clinical signs with jejunal hematoma?

Answer 20

sudden death, blood in the feces, bloat, abdominal pain, anemia, pale mucus membranes

Question 21

atresia ani can be caused by the deficinecy of what vitamin

Answer 21

vitamin A (it is needed for development of GI nervous system)

Question 22

where do rectal strictures usually happen in pigs?

Answer 22

junction of the caudal mesenteric and pudendal arteries

Question 23

what are some clinical signs of rectal stricture?

Answer 23

reduced fecal output and marked abdominal distension

Question 24

what is this?

Answer 24

a rectal stricture

Question 25

what is this

Answer 25

a rectal stricture

Question 26

what does it mean to have an extramural intestinal obstruction?

Answer 26

it means there is an extrinsic obstruction outside the intestinal tract causing compression and collapse of the intestinal tract

Question 27

what is a classic and common example of an extramural intestinal obstruction?

Answer 27

equine strangulating lipomas

Question 28

what is this?

Answer 28

an equine strangulating lipoma

Question 29

how does an intestinal displacement lead to necrosis?

Answer 29

intestinal displacement leads to incarceration (the entrapped contents become fixed), which then leads to strangulation, allowing for ischemia due to lack of blood supply, eventually leading to necrosis

Question 30

what is the difference betwene a volvulus and a torsion?

Answer 30

a volvulus is a twist along the mesenteric axis a torsion is a tiwst along the long axis of the viscus

Question 31

intestinal intussusceptions are most common in ___________ and the most common area of the GI tract to be affected is the ____

Answer 31

young animals, especially dogs ileocolic area

Question 32

list some causes of intussusception

Answer 32

idiopathic, linear foreign body, heavy parasitism, enteritis, previous surgery, etc

Question 33

what are the two types of hernias?

Answer 33

internal and external hernias

Question 34

what is an internal hernia? give an example

Answer 34

displacement of the intestine through a normal pathological foramina in the abdominal cavity, so there is no formation of a hernial sac ex: epiploic foramen entrapment and gastrosplenic ligament entrapment

Question 35

what is an external hernia? list some examples

Answer 35

displacement of intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall resulting in a hernial sac ex: umbillical hernia, inguinal hernia, diaphragmatic hernia

Question 36

rectal prolapse is common in what animals? what is the cause?

Answer 36

swine, sheep, cattle caused by prolonged tenesmus or excessive coughing (increase in abdominal pressure), or assoictaed with colitis or UTI

Question 37

inflammation of the small intestine is called: inflammation of the colon is called: inflammation of the cecum is called: inflammation of the rectum is called:

Answer 37

enteritis colitis typhlitis procitis

Question 38

what is diphtheritic enteritis?

Answer 38

where a cast of fibrin and necrotic cells forms in the intestine and when you pull it off it is ulcerated underneath

Question 39

what is this?

Answer 39

diphthertic enteritis

Question 40

what is this?

Answer 40

diphthertic enteritis

Question 41

enterotoxigenic E coli causes ______. It most commonly affects calves at what age?

Answer 41

secretory diarrhea via toxin production first 5 days of life for calves

Question 42

is enterotoxigenic E coli easy to dignose on histo?

Answer 42

NO there are minimal histology changes

Question 43

rotavirus and corona virus cause diarrhea in calves at what age?

Answer 43

5 days to 2 week old calves

Question 44

coronavirus causes _______ on histo

Answer 44

distinct crypt necrosis

Question 45

which is generally more severe: rotavirus or coronavirus in calves?

Answer 45

coronavirus

Question 46

in calves, coronavirus can affect ______, whereas rotavirus affects the _____

Answer 46

both small and large intestine small intestine only

Question 47

grossly, coroniavirus in calves can have what gross lesions?

Answer 47

fibrin and necrosis that is quite apparent

Question 48

what kind of disease is cryptosporidium? if you're going to look at the histo and you suspect crypto, what would you see?

Answer 48

a protozoan parasite you can see the organisms along the brush border and they can be highlighted with acid fast stains

Question 49

in terms of coccidiosis, ____ usually infect herbivores and _____ usually infect carnivores

Answer 49

eimeria isospora

Question 50

what age of calf is typically affected by coccidiosis?

Answer 50

2 weeks to 6 months

Question 51

what is nervous coccidiosis?

Answer 51

calves infected with eimeria/coccidia can show neurological signs even though the brain appears normal

Question 52

what are gross lesions of coccidiosis in calves?

Answer 52

hemorrhagic or fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis

Question 53

what disese is this and in what species?

Answer 53

coccidiosis/eimeria, a unique presentation of sheep and goats

Question 54

what is AEEC? what age of calf does it usually affect? where does it usually target?

Answer 54

attaching and effacing E coli 5 days to 6 months usually targets the large intestine and rectum

Question 55

what are some gross lesions of AEEC?

Answer 55

hemorrhagic or colon necrosis

Question 56

clostridium perfringens is a type __, and it produces a ______

Answer 56

C beta toxin

Question 57

what are some clinical signs of clostridium perfringens? what age is usually affected?

Answer 57

they can be found dead, or can have bloody diarrhea 5 to 10 days

Question 58

how do you diagnose clostridium perfringens?

Answer 58

you have to type it to make sure it is type C and check for toxin detection. culture of the bacteria is not good enough

Question 59

rhodococcus equi infects ____ at the age of _____

Answer 59

foals 2 weeks to 6 months

Question 60

what are some gross lesions of rhodococcus equi?

Answer 60

large craterform ulcers in the small and large intestine, commonly found over the peyer's patches, lymphadenopathy,

Question 61

what will you see on histo for rhodococcus equi infection?

Answer 61

pyogranulomatous enterotyphlocolitis and lymphadenitis

Question 62

what are the two main parvoviruses that cause problems

Answer 62

canine parvovirus 2 and feline panleukopenia (canine parvo evolved from feline panleukopenia)

Question 63

parvovirus targets what type of cells in which locations?

Answer 63

rapidly dividing cells in the enteric epithelium, haematopoietic tissue, and lymphoid tissue

Question 64

what are the clinicl signs of a parvoviral infection?

Answer 64

diarrhea, sometimes bloody, dehydration, panleukopenia

Question 65

what are some gross lesions of parvoviral infection? how about histo findings?

Answer 65

gross findings: subserosal hemorrhage, ground glass appearance, mostly infecting the small intestines histo: crypt necrosis

Question 66

what is this disease?

Answer 66

parvovirus enteritis (ground glass appearance)