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VETM 425 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the respiratory system is divided into 3 compartments which are?

A

conducting system (nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, tranchea, and bronchi), transitional system (bronchioles, exchange system (alveoli)

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2
Q

the mucosa of the conducting system consits of

A

ciliated epithelium and goblet cells that produce mucus

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3
Q

the mucosa of the transitional system consists of

A

specialized mucousa containing layers of ciliated and secretory cells such as club cells. NO goblet cells normally

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4
Q

the exchange system is lined with

A

type 1 pneumocytes

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5
Q

the upper respiratory tract includes:

A

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, guttoral pouches, air sacs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

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6
Q

the lower respiratory tract includes

A

the lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli)

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7
Q

the nasal cavity is divided by what?

A

curved shelves of bone covered in mucous membrane called turbinates or conchae

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8
Q

the pharyngeal diverticulum is an anatomical feature of which species?

A

pigs

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9
Q

list 5 functionsof the respiratory system

A

air conduction
air conditioning
air filtration and immune defence
smell
vocalization

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10
Q

list 5 functionsof the respiratory system

A

air conduction
air conditioning
air filtration and immune defence
smell
vocalization

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11
Q

what kind of cells line the nasal planum and mucucutaneous junctions?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

what kind of cells line the conducting and transitional portions of the respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

which type of respiratory lining cells are sensitive to injury?

A

ciliated respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium (not stratified squamous)

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14
Q

list 3 defence mechanisms of the respiratory system to keep things out

A

air filtration (turbulence of air slowing it down and moisturizes it allowing some infectious organisms and particulates to precipitate out of the air)
particle trapping in mucus layer lining the conducting system–>mucociliary clearance system where things are coughed up and swallowed
clearance of inhaled particles via coughing an sneezing

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15
Q

list some factors that can impair defence mechanisms

A

viral infections, immunodeficinecy, stress, dehydration, pulmonary edema, uremia

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16
Q

what is choanal atresia?
what species is it the most common in?

A

a congenital malfomration in which there is a failure of the formation of the communication between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, usually bilateral
most common in camelids

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of choanal atresia?

A

difficulty breathing or open mouth breathing, weakness or aspiration pnemonia

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18
Q

what is brachycephalic airway syndrome?
what are the 3 congenital components?
describe the pathogenesis

A

airway syndrome in brachycephalic breeds
1. stenotic nares
2. elongated soft palate
3. tracheal/laryngeal hypoplasia

congenital malfomrations lead to increased respiratory effort, which leads to secondary problems

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19
Q

describe some of the secondary malformations of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

everted laryngeal saccules
everted tonsils
hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucousa
laryngeal edema
tracheal collpase

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20
Q

a yorkshire terrier, 6 years old, presents to you with a honking cough and exercise intolerance. what is your likely diagnosis and what is the pathogenesis?

A

tracheal collpase
due to abnormalcartilage rings forming shallow D shapes causing dorso-ventral flattening of the tracheal lumen

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21
Q

you are presented with a horse that is making a respiratory noise and has been preforming poorly since it was born. what is a likely differential and what is the pathogenesis?

A

hypoplastic epiglottis
the epiglottis is smaller than it should be, leading to epiglottic entrapment and/or dorsal displacement of the soft palate which interferes with air conduction into the lungs

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22
Q

what is the name for the disease that is often seen in older thoroughbred or arabian horses arising from the ethmoid turbinates? what is the pathogenesis?

A

progressive ethmoid hematomas
pathogenesis unknown

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23
Q

what is a common signalment for a patient with nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

young cat with sneezing, nasal discharge, ataxia, horner’s facial paralysis, dyspena, gagging, dysphagia

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24
Q

you are presented with a horse with a loud roaring sound when breathing. what is your diagnosis? what is the pathogenesis?

A

equine laryngeal paralysis
usually affects the left side, idiopathic, atrophy of circoareynoid muscle, degerntion of recurrent laryngeal nerve

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25
what are 2 causes of bilateral laryngeal paralysis?
hepatic encephalopathy, anesthesia
26
what is a common signalment for canine laryngeal paralysis?
older male large breed dogs
27
canine laryngeal paralysis is often seen in association with what?
it is often secondary to generalized neruomuscular disordered, such as hypothyroidism or myasthenia gravis
28
laryngeal or tracheal edema is secondary to:
acute inflammation such as anaphylaxis, atypical interstisial pneumonia, edema disease in pigs
29
describe the pathogenesis of laryngeal or tracheal edema
the lining of the larynx and trachea are expanded by tissue edema and the tissue protrudes intot he airway, blocking the flow of air. this is NOT the same as fluid or foam in the airways
30
Honker's Syndrome is the lay term for which disease? What is the common species affected and what is the pathogenesis
tracheal edema and hemorhage syndrome feedlot cattle that are heavier rapid breathing combined with increased intratracheal pressure causes mechanical injury to the tracheal mucosa, leading to inflammation, edema, and swollen tissue protuding into the airways. this swollen tissue is subject to mechanical injury, which causes more swelling and inflammation (vicous cycle). This eventually suffocates the cow
31
describe the diference between these types of inflammation: serous rhinitis catarrhal rhinitis purulent or suppurative rhinitis fibrinous rhinitis granulomatous rhinitis
serous rhinitis: red runny node producing clear watery snot. like a runny nose on a cold day catarrhal: like serous but with more mucus, like an ugly cry snotty mess, may be indicitave of chronic rhinitis purulent/suppurative: neotrophilic exudate and mucosal necrosis fibrinous: increased vascular permeability, assocoated with bacterial or fungal infection, runny scrambelled eggs granulomatous: usually associated with fungi infection or mycobacteria, will look crumbly and cheese like, associated with chronic inflammation
32
inclusion body viral rhinitis is caused by what virus? what kind of inflammation does it produce?
suid herpes virus 2 in pigs, catarrhal
33
name the disease caused by bovine herpesvirus 1, which causes fever, anorexia, tachypnea, mucopurluent discharge, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, mucosal hyperemia
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
34
what do the lesions look like with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
there is call lysis and necrotic infection, so lesions will be tan/dull, and you get fibrinous or purulent discahrge. this is due to the secondary bacterial infections that occur
35
what is a diagnosis that grossly might look similar to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
aspiration of chemical irritants like stomach acid, or bovine parainfluenza 3
36
cats with crusty runny noses and crusty eyes could have:
feline upper respiratory infection due to feline herpesvirus 1
37
describe the pathogenesis of feline herpesvirus 1
it is a latent infection, it stays in the trigeminal ganglion to hang out, then when the body is immunosuppressed or experiencing stress, the virus can reactivate
38
what are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?
ocular and nasal discharge and tongue ulcers (remember, oral ulcers are not common with feline herpesvirus)
39
______ is clinically similar to feline herpesvirus 1, with milkd conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis
clamydia felis (intracellular bacteria)
40
what is atrophic rhinitis? what are the two forms and causes of each form?
atrophic rhinitis causes permanent atrophy of the nasal turbinates/choncae. without the turbinates, a lot f the defence mechanisms are gone and predisposes the animal to infections/diseases Non progessive atrophic rhinitis caused by: bordetella bronchispetica, sneezing and nasal discharge progriessive atorgic rhinitis caused by: pasturella multocida, prodution of cytotoxins and inhibit bone formation and promote bone resorption
41
pasturella multocida is note able to colonize the nasal mucosa very well unless ______. This is most commonly done by _____
the mucosal surface has been ulcerated by another pathogen bordetella bronchiseptica
42
the diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis requires ______. Why?
PCR or ELISA because you have to identifo the toxins produced by pasturella multocida. many strains will show up on culture that do NOT produce toxins, so in order to find out if it is truly PAR, you NEED to do PCR or ELISA to detect the toxins
43
equine strangles is caused by ______. is this a commonsealistic bacteria?
streptococcus equi equi NO it is truly pathogenic
44
about 20% of horses with strangles will develop complications such as:
guttural pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purapura hemorrhagia/vasculitis
45
the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs is ______. What do the gross lesions look like? How do animals get sick with this fungus?
aspergillus fumigatus a yellow, green, or black fungal mass on the nasal turbinates it is a normal environmental fungus, so something else must predispose the animal to infection such as immune suppression
46
what are the two clinically significant species of cryptococcus?
cryptococcus neoformans cryptococcus gatti THEY ARE BOTH ZOONOTIC
47
when dogs get a single unilateral nasal polyp, what is the likely culprit?
rhinosporidiosis fungus, causes granulomatous rhinitis
48
sheep bot flies called ____ can cause parasitic rhinitis in sheep. what is the pathogenesis? What are clinical signs of severse cases?
oestrus ovis flies deposit larvae on the nares, and the larva emigrate into the nasal turbinates and sinuses, where they mature into maggots. infection is usually subclinical, maybe some sneezing. severe causes cause neurologic signs--> the maggots die and cause secondary bacterial infections that can erode into the cribiform plate into the brain
49
dogs can get parasitic disease of the upper respiratory system caused by ____. What is the pathogenesis?
oslerus osleri, trachal nematodes worms from nodules at the tracheal bifurcation, the eggs are then coughed up and swallowed. these nodules can narow the lumen making it difficult to breathe
50
what is the most common nasal carcinoma in the dog? how about in cats and horses?
adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma
51
what is the most common upper resp tract tumor in cats?
nasal lymphoma
52
what is enzootic nasal tumor?
a viral associated tumor in sheep caused by enzootic nasal tumor viruses
53
the mucosa f the conducting system and some of the transitional system is composed of ________ cells. as you go further down into the lungs, the number of ____ cells decreases
pseudostratified, ciliated, respiratory epithelial ciliated
54
the amount of ____ and ____ decreases as the diamater decreases
cartilage, smooth muscle
55
at the level of the bronchioles, there is no more____ or ____, but there is still some ____
cartilage, glands, smooth muscle
56
type I penumocytes are specialized for ____ and are incapable of ____ type II penumocytes secrete what and do what?
gas exchange, cell division surfactant, progenitor cells for type I pneumocytes
57
what is the blood-air barrier composed of?
alveolar surfactant, type I penumocytes, basal lamina of the type I cells, intersitial connective tissue, basal lamina of capillary endothelial cell, capillary endothelial cell IN SIMPLE TERMS: type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, dual basal lamina (fusion of basement membranes of both cells), and cytoplasm of endothelial cell
58
what are the 3 reasons the respiratory system is vulnerable to injury?
extensive surface area of the alveoli, the large volume of air going into the lungs, high concentrations of noxious elements present in the air
59
what do alveolar marchophages do?
phagocytize inhaled dust particles and other foregi material
60
what do club cells do?
detoxify xenobiotics via oxidases, secrete protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation, produce surfactant
61
why is respiratory disease so prevalent if the defecnes are so effective?
if the defenses are impaired, the efficinecy of the lung to eliminate bacteria is greatly decreased
62
besides bacteria and viruses, what factors can impair pulmonary bacterial clearances ?
lung edema, dehydration, uremia, stress, immunodeficinecy, ammonia

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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