Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physio II > Repro Chapter 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Repro Chapter 1 Part 2 Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of gonadotropins?

A

stimulate gonads in both males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are gonadotropins secreted?

A

Secreted by the same gonadotroph or by two different gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gonadotropins are what type of proteins?

A

glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which gonadotropin subunit confers specificity to each hormone?

A

beta subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which gonadotropin subunit is identical in LH, FSH, TSH, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

alpha subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What control LH synthesis and secretion?

A

GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the half life of LH?

A

10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LH can be measured in serum to determine gonadal function. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Measuring LH in serum can serve as an indicator of what?

A

GnRH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the half life of hCG?

A

48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the direct physiological effects of LH in females?

A

ovulation

theca cells produce testosterone

corpus luteum developemnt and progesterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the indirect physiological effects of LH in females?

A

estrogen production

maintenance of pregnancy - progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the direct physiological effects of LH in males?

A

Leydig cells and steroid production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the indirect physiological effects of LH in males?

A

spermatogenesis

male repro tract

accessory sex glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does osteocalcin induce testosterone production by Leydig cells?

A

LH independent mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is osteocalcin?

A

A protein synthesize by osteoblasts by precursor (preproosterocalcin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many AAs is osteocalcin?

A

46-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the half life of FSH?

A

40 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of FSH and what controls its production?

A

to stimulate follicle growth in ovaries; under control of GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which is more heavily glycosylated, FSH or LH?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is PMSG?

A

PMSG=FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the physiological effects of FSH in females?

A

follicle development, growth, and maturation

estradiol synthesis during follicular phase

superovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wtf is superovulation?

A

development of more than the usual number of mature follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the physiological effects of FSH in males?
sertoli cells affected initiation/ re-initiation of spermatogenesis spermiation
26
How are sertoli cells affects by FSH?
synthesis of ABP synthesis of inhibin synthesis of estradiol
27
Which feedback loop is more complex, LH or FSH?
FSH
28
Activin stimulates ______ synthesis. Synthesis of _______ is constitutive in anterior pituitary and gonads.
FSH; activin
29
What inhibits FSH synthesis?
inhibin and follistatin
30
What makes up inhibin A and B?
inhibin A= activin A & alpha inhibin | inhibin B = activin B & alpha inhibin
31
What type of hormone is prolactin?
peptide hormone
32
What synthesizes and secretes prolactin?
lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, brain, immune cells, and deciduas
33
Prolactin is synthesized as a pro-hormone to what?
signal peptide and mature prolactin hormone
34
How many AAs is prolactin?
194-199
35
What is the half life of prolactin?
10 minutes
36
Prolactin is glycosylated. True or false?
True; and this increases the half life.
37
What are the physiological effects of prolactin in females?
mammary gland development and milk production non-lactational aspects (maintenance of corpora lutea) social behavior (nest building, retrieval of scattered young ones)
38
What are the physiological effects of prolactin in males?
It is unknown, but overproductionc auses hypogonadism.
39
What is involved in the negative regulation of prolactin?
dopamine - the major PIF | GnRH Associated Protein (GAP)
40
What is involved in the positive regulation of prolactin?
``` PRH TRH GnRH VIP Estrogen Spinal Reflex (stimulation of teats) ```
41
What are the physiological effects of prolactin in females?
stimulation of milk ejection stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction establishment of maternal behavior induction of PGF2a synthesis in uterus
42
Which physiological effect of prolactin in females in species dependent?
induction of PGF2a synthesis in uterus
43
What are the physiological effects of prolactin in males?
facilitation of sperm transport acts on myoid pertubular cells - for sperm transport in the seminiferous tubules
44
What controls oxytocin secretion?
tactile stimulation of the teat sex steroid hormones acute stress
45
How does tactile stimulation of the teat promote oxytocin release?
The stimulation sends a neurosignal to the hypothalamus to release oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland
46
How do sex steroid hormones affect oxytocin?
Burst of oxytocin at time of parturition is triggered by a decline in plasma progesterone
47
How does acute stress affect oxytocin?
Stress releases catecholamines which inhibit oxytocin release
48
How does inhibin inhibit FSH synthesis?
Alpha inhibin binds to activin A or B
49
Describe the structure of relaxin.
6k Dalton protein consisting of two (34 & 29 aa) chains held together by S-S bonds
50
The half life of relaxin is ________ and depends upon ______ and ___________.
variable; species; gestation time
51
Where is relaxin synthesized?
CL, placenta, heart atria, prostate in males
52
Why is relaxin called relaxin?
Impure preparation from CL of pregnant sow in 1926; because it relaxed the pubic ligament of the oestrogen primed guinea-pig, it was named relaxin
53
What are the (4) physiological effects of relaxin?
prep of the the endometrium for implantation inhibition of uterine activity in early pregnancy remodeling of the uterine stroma during pregnancy softening of cervix and the initiation of parturition for rapid and safe delivery
54
What causes the physiological effects of relaxin?
Due to induction of collagen biosynthesis to facilitate remodeling of the CT in target organs
55
Steroid hormones are _______ derivatives.
cholesterol
56
Where do we get cholesterol?
It is synthesized by the liver from acetate or absorbed from the diet.
57
Where are steroids hormones synthesized and what is required for synthesis?
gonads and adrenal glands oxidative enzymes in mitochondria and smooth ER
58
What is the rate-limiting step in steroid hormones production?
cholesterol to pregnenolone by desmolase (CYP11A1)
59
What immediate steroid precursor shuffles back and forth between mitochondria and the SER?
pregnenolone
60
Steroid hormones are stored in the liver. True or false?
False; steroid hormones are not stored
61
Steroid hormones are lipophillic and hence limited solubility in aqueous solutions. True or false?
True
62
What do steroid hormones bind to?
carrier proteins
63
In the target tissue, there is more bound than free steroid hormone. True or false?
False; there is an equilibrium between bound and free steroid hormones in target tissue
64
Progesterone is a C-__ steroid hormone.
21
65
What is the primary progestogen?
progesterone
66
Progesterone is the intermediate for the synthesis of which two hormones?
androgen and estrogen
67
What produces progesterone?
corpus luteum, placenta, and adrenal gland
68
Estrogen is a C-__ steroid hormone.
18
69
What produces estrogens?
granulosa cells and sertoli cells
70
What is the primary estrogen?
estradiol-17b
71
Estradiol in human males is due to what?
Expression of aromatase in adipose tissue
72
Androgens are C-__ steroid hormones.
19
73
What are 17-ketosteroids?
Androgens when -OH is replaced with a =O at the C-17 position.
74
What produces androgens?
Leydig cells, theca cells, and limited amounts produced by adrenal glands
75
Testosterone is converted to DHT by __________ in ______ and ________.
5a reductase; sertoli cells; accessory sex glands
76
Testosterone is converted to estradiol in ________ and _______.
sertoli cells; granulosa cells

Physio II (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions