reproduction Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the male and female gonads?
A
Male-testes
Females-ovaries
2
Q
What gametes do male and female gomads produce?
A
Male- sperm
Female- eggs
3
Q
What does each lobule of the testes contain?
What kind of structure are they?
A
- One to four seminiferous tubles.
- Tightly coiled structures
4
Q
What do testes function as?
A
A sperm-forming factory
5
Q
What do interstitual cells in the seminiferous tubles produce?
A
androgens such as testosterone
6
Q
What are the three parts of the duct system?
A
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- urethra
7
Q
What is the epididymis?
A
It is a comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubule.
8
Q
Where is the epididymis found?
A
superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side.
9
Q
What is the function of the epididymis?
A
mature and store sperms cells (at least 20 days).
10
Q
Where does the epididymis expell sperm to?
A
the vas deferens
11
Q
Where does the vas deferens carry sperm from to?
A
from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
12
Q
What does the vas deferens move sperm bu?
A
peristalsis
13
Q
What is a vasectomy?
A
cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm.
14
Q
Were does the urethra of a male extend from to?
A
extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.
15
Q
What does the urethra of a male carry?
A
both urine and sperm
16
Q
Where does sperm enter the urethra from?
A
the vas deferens
17
Q
What are the accessory organs?
A
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
18
Q
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
A
at the base of the bladder
19
Q
What do the seminal vesicles produce? What percent of semen does this make up?
A
- thick, yellowish secretion
- 60 percent of semen
20
Q
Where is the prostate located?
A
encircles the upper part of the urethra
21
Q
What does the prostate secrete?
A
a milky fluid
22
Q
What does the prostate help?
A
helps activate sperm
23
Q
What is the third most common cancer in males?
A
prostate cancer
24
Q
Describe the bulbourethral glands (size, location)?
A
pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate
25
What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
thick, clear mucus
26
What does the mucus produced bu the bulbourethral gland do?
cleanses the urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation adn serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
27
What is semen?
a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
28
What are the 4 advantages of accessory gland secretions?
1) fructose (seminal vesicles) provides energy for sperm cells
2) alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
3) semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
4) elements of semen enhance sperm motility
29
What are the parts of the external genitalia?
- scrotum
| - penis
30
What is the scrotum?
divided sac of skin outside the abdomen
31
What does the scrotum do?
maintaines testes at 3 degrees celcius lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm vitality
32
What is the purpose of the penis?
The purpose of the penis is to deliver sperm into the female reproductive system.
33
How many areas of spongy erectile tissue are around the urethra?
3
34
When do erections occur?
when the erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitment
35
What is Spermatogenesis? When does this begin? Where does it occur?
production of sperm cells
begins at puperty and continues throughout life
it occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes
36
What hormone modifies spermatogonia division?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
37
Union of a sperm____chromosomes with an egg___chromosomes creases a zygote (____chromosomes).
- 23
- 23
- 46
38
What is the only human flagellated cell?
mature sperm cell
39
What does the head of a mature sperm cell contain?
DNA
| Acrosome "helmet" on the nucleus
40
What does the acrosome do?
breaks down and releases anzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg
41
What does the midpiece of a mature sperm cell do?
wrapped by the mitochondria for ATP generation
42
What is the most important hormone of the testes?
testosterone
43
Where is testosterone produced?
the interstitial cells
44
During puberty, ____hormone (__) activate the interstitial cells.
- luteinizing hormone
| - LH
45
What are the seven functions of testosterone?
1) stimulates reproductive organ development
2) underlies sex drive
3) causes secondary sex characteristics
4) deepening of voice
5) increased hair growth
6) enlargement of skeletal muscles
7) thickening of bones
46
What are the ovaries composed of?
Ovarian follicles
47
What does each ovarian follicle consist of?
```
oocyte (immature egg)
follicular cells (surround the oocyte, grows with the maturing oocyte)
```
48
What is ovulation? How often does it occur?
- when the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures
| - occurs every 28 days (give or take a few)
49
What does the ruptured follicle trasnorm into?
corpus luteum
50
What are the three parts of the duct system?
1) fallopian tubes
2) uterus
3) vagina
51
What do the fallopian tubes receive?
the ovulated oocyte
52
What do the fallopian tubes provide?
a sight of ovulation
53
What are the fallopian tubes attatched to?
the uterus
54
What are fimbriae?
finger-like projections at the distal end of the fallopian tube that reveive the oocyte from the ovary
55
What are cilia (location, job)? How long does their job take?
Located inside the fallopian tube; slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus. Takes 3-4 days.
56
Where does fertilization of an oocyte occur? How long does an oocyte live for?
- the fallpian tubes
| - 24 hours
57
Where is the uterus located?
between the urinary bladder and rectum
58
Is the uterus a hollow organ?
yes
59
What are the three functions of the uterus?
1) receives a fertilized egg
2) retains the fertilized egg
3) nourishes the fertilized egg
60
What are the regions of the uterus?
1) body (main portion)
2) fundus (superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters)
3) cervix (narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina)
61
What are the walls of the uterus?
- endometrium
- inner layer
- allows for implantation of fertilized egg
- sloughs off if no pregnancy occures (menses)
62
Where the vagina extend to?
from cervix to exterior of body
63
Where is the vagina located?
between bladder and rectum
64
What does the vagina serve as?
the birth canal
65
What does the vagina receive?
the penis during sexual intercourse
66
What is the hymen?
partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
67
What is Oogenesis?
The total supply of eggs that are present at birth.
68
When are we able to release eggs?
at puberty
69
When does reproductive ability end?
menopause
70
Where are oocytes matured?
developing ovarian follicles
71
Where are oogonia found?
female stem cells found in developing fetus
72
What do both oogonia and spermatogonia undergo to produce primary oocytes and stem cells?
mitosis (for girls this takes place in developing fetus).
73
Primary oocytes are____until puberty?
inactive
74
Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form _____ _____ in the ovary.
primary
| follicles
75
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes what?
primary follicles to mature each month.
76
Where does meiosis stars in a female?
inside the maturing follicle
77
What produces a secondary oocyte and teh first polar body?
meiosis
78
How long does follicle development to the stage of a cesicular follice take?
about 14 days
79
Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of what?
luteinizing hormone (LH)
80
Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if what penetrates?
the sperm
81
If sperm penetrates oocyte what is produced?
ovum and then two additional polar bodies
82
Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can be combined with those of the____to form the fertilized egg (____).
sperm
| zygote
83
What happens if teh secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm?
it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum
84
What happens in meiosis (males)?
produced four functional sperm
85
What happens in meiosis (females)?
produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies
86
Describe sperm (sex cell size and structure)
tiny, motil, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
87
Describe egg (sex cell size and structure)
large, non-motile, and has nutrients reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
88
What are cuclic changes of the enddometrium regulated by?
cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone
89
What do FSH and LH regulate?
the production of estrogens and progesterone
90
What is the average length of both menstrual and ovulation cycles?
about 28 days
91
When does ovulation typically occur?
midway through cycle on day 14
92
What are the three staes of the menstrual cycle?
1) Menstrual Phase (follicular)
2) Ovulation Stage
3) Luteal Stage
93
What days of cycle does menstration (menstrual phase) occur?
days 1 to 5
94
What is sloughed during menstrual phase?
functional layer of the endometrium
95
How long does bleeding occur for?
3-5 days
96
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more _____.
estrogen
97
One which days does the ovulation stage occur?
days 6 to 14
98
What happens to the functional layer of the endometrium during the ovulation stage?
regeneration
99
What levels rise during ovulation stage?
estrogen
100
What occurs in the ovary at the end of the ovulation stage?
ovulation
101
When does the luteal stage take place?
days 15 to 28
102
Levels of_____rise and____the blood supply to the _____.
progesterone
increase
endometrium
103
What increases in size and readies for implantation during the luteal stage?
endometrium
104
If fertilization does occur:
| ____produces a hormone that causes the _____to continue producing its hormones.
embryo
| corpus luteum
105
If fertilization does not occur:
| Corpus luteum_____as____blood levels decline.
degenerates
| LH
106
What are estrogens produced by?
follicle cells
107
What 6 things does increase in estrogen cause? THINK: what happens during puberty.
1) development of breasts
2) pubic hair
3) increase in fat in hips and breasts
4) widening and lightening of the pelvis
5) get period
6) enlargment of accessory organs of the female reproductive system
108
What is progesterone produced by?
the corpus luteum
109
When does production of LH continue until?
continues until LH diminishes in the blood
110
Does progesterone contribute to tehe appearance of secondary sex characteristics?
No
111
What does progesterone help maintain? What does it help prepare?
- helps maintain pregnancy
| - prepare the breasts for milk production
