Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

(First Aid) + Pharm + (Secrets) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

A

Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity. Involved in patterning along Anterior-posterior axis. Involved in CNS development; mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge (at distal end of each developing limb), necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FGF gene

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeobox (HOX) genes

A

segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction, mutations cause appendages in wrong locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ACE inhibitors: teratogenic effects

A

Renal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alkylating agents: teratogenic effects

A

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aminoglycosides: teratogenic effects

A

CN VIII toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbamazepine: teratogenic effects

A

Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, intrauterine growth restriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES): teratogenic effects

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital Mullerian abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Folate antagonists (methotraxate, trimethoprim, pyramethamine): teratogenic effects

A

Neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lithium: teratogenic effects

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Methimazole: teratogenic effects

A

Aplasia cutis congenita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phenytoin: teratogenic effects

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, messed up head, hypoplastic nails/distal phalanges, cardiac defects, intrauterine growth restriction, retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tetracyclines: teratogenic effects

A

discolored teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thalidomide: teratogenic effects

A

Limb defects (phocomelia, micromelia, flipper limbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Valproate: teratogenic effects

A

Inhibition of maternal folate absorption–neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Warfarin: teratogenic effects

A

bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic problems, use heparin instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Smoking (nicotine, CO) effects on fetus

A

low birth weight, preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Maternal diabetes

A

caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Aortic arch derivates: 1st

A

maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aortic arch derivates: 2nd

A

Stapedial artery, hyoid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aortic arch derivates: 3rd

A

Common carotid artery, proximal part of internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aortic arch derivates: 4th

A

on left-aortic arch; on right-proximal part of right subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Aortic arch derivates: 6th
proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus (on left only)
26
embryonic derivates of clefts, arches, pouches
clefts-ectoderm, arches-mesoderm, pouch-endoderm (outside to inside)
27
Branchial cleft derivatives: 1st cleft
external auditory meatus
28
Branchial cleft derivatives: 2 to 4th clefts
temporary cervical sinuses that are obliterated by expansion of 2nd arch mesenchyme
29
Branchial arch derivatives
When at restaurant of the golden arches, children tend to first chew (1), then smile (2), then swallow stylishly (3) or simply swallow (4) and then speak (6)
30
Branchial pouch derivatives
Ear (1), Tonsils (2), Bottom (3, dorsal, inferior parathyroids), To (3, ventral thymus), Top (4, superior parathyroids)
31
T cell deficiency, hypocalcemia, cardiac defects
DiGeorge syndrome: aberrant 3/4th pouch development-->thymic aplasia, abnormal parathyroids, conotruncal cardiac defects
32
MEN 2A
mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells): adrenal medulla, parathyroid, parafollicular cells are all neural crest derivatives
33
Testis determining factor
SRY gene on Y chromosome
34
Mullerian inhibiting factor
Sertoli cells secrete, supresses development of paramesonephric ducts
35
Stimulates development of mesonephric ducts
Leydig cells secrete androgens
36
Paramesonephric duct develops into:
Female internal structures: fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina
37
Mesonephric duct develop into:
male internal structures SEED: seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
38
Primary amennorrhea with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics
Paramesonephric duct abnormalities--still have functioning ovaries
39
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
bicornuate uterus--recurrent miscarriages
40
Develop both male and female internal genitalia, with male external genitalia
No sertoli cells or lack of mullerian inhibitory factor; Leydig cells secreting testosterone are functional
41
Male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia
5-alpha reductase deficiency: inability to convert testosterone to DHT; ambiguous genitalia until puberty when increased testosterone causes masculinization
42
Genital tubercle, urogenital sinus masculinization to male genitalia
DHT (via testosterone from Leydig cell catalyzed by 5-alpha reductase)
43
Which side is varicocele more common on?
Left side--left gonadal vein enters left renal vein at 90 degree angle, greater left venous pressure. Right gonadal vein enters IVC directly.
44
Drain into para aortic lymph nodes
ovaries/testis
45
Drain into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
distal vaginal/vulva/scrotum
46
Drain into obturator, external iliac and hypogastric nodes
proximal vagina/uterus
47
connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall
infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovaries) containing ovarian vesseles
48
connects cervix to side wall of pelvis
Cardinal ligament containing uterine vessels
49
connects uterine fundus to labia majora
Round ligament of uterus that travels through round inguinal canal above artery of Sampson
50
connects uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries to pelvic side wall
Broad ligament (mesosalpinx above ovarian ligament, mesovarium (over ovaries), mesometrium below ovarian ligament)
51
connects medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus
ovarian ligament, derivative of gubernaculum
52
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation
SEVEN UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, (nothing), urethra, penis
53
Nerve innervation during male sexual response
Point and Shoot: parasympathetic (pelvic nerve, erection), sympathetic (hypogastric nerve, emission), ejaculation (visceral/somatic nerves, pudendal nerve)
54
secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein
Sertoli cells that line seminiferous tubules. Inhibin inhibits FSH. Androgen binding protein maintains local levels of testosterone. Tight junctions between sertoli cells maintain blood-testis barrier (anti autoimmune attack), support and nourish spermatazoa, produce MIF, increased temp inhibits functions, aromatase to convert testosterone/andostenedione to estrogen
55
secrete testosterone in presence of LH
Leydig cells in the interstitium, also contain aromatase to convert T to estrogen
56
Converts cholesterol to androstenedione
Theca cell of follicle via desmolase. LH stimulates desmolase activity. Pulsatile GnRH stimulates LH.
57
Converts androstenedione to estrogens
Granulosa cell of follice via aromatase. FSH stimulates granulosa cell via pulsatile GnRH.
58
What are stages of menstrual cycle
Increased estrogen (endometrial proliferation, 7 days)-->LH surge (14 days)-->ovulation-->progesterone (from corpus luteum, peaks at 21 days)-->progesterone levels fall-->menstruation at 28 days
59
Primary oocytes
(2N, 4C) arrested in prophase I of meiosis (46 sister chromatids) until ovulation
60
Secondary oocytes
(1N, 2C) arrested in metaphase II of meiosis until fertilization
61
Exclusively breast fed infants
require vitamin D supplementation
62
Increased FSH along with hot flashes, vaginal atrophy
Menopause: decreased estrogen, increased FSH, increased LH (no surge), increased GnRH

(First Aid) + Pharm + (Secrets) (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions